diff --git a/.idea/php-docker-settings.xml b/.idea/php-docker-settings.xml
index bd786be..047d43d 100644
--- a/.idea/php-docker-settings.xml
+++ b/.idea/php-docker-settings.xml
@@ -17,6 +17,21 @@
             </DockerContainerSettings>
           </value>
         </entry>
+        <entry key="38915385-b3ff-4f4b-8a9a-d5f3ecae559e">
+          <value>
+            <DockerContainerSettings>
+              <option name="version" value="1" />
+              <option name="volumeBindings">
+                <list>
+                  <DockerVolumeBindingImpl>
+                    <option name="containerPath" value="/opt/project" />
+                    <option name="hostPath" value="$PROJECT_DIR$" />
+                  </DockerVolumeBindingImpl>
+                </list>
+              </option>
+            </DockerContainerSettings>
+          </value>
+        </entry>
       </map>
     </list>
   </component>
diff --git a/php/src/db/Capacitor.php b/php/src/db/Capacitor.php
index f136fae..de8d1a1 100644
--- a/php/src/db/Capacitor.php
+++ b/php/src/db/Capacitor.php
@@ -21,6 +21,14 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
     return $this;
   }
 
+  function newChannel($channel): CapacitorChannel {
+    if (!($channel instanceof CapacitorChannel)) {
+      if (!is_array($channel)) $channel = ["name" => $channel];
+      $channel = new CapacitorChannel($channel);
+    }
+    return $channel->initCapacitor($this);
+  }
+
   # les définitions sont par défaut pour MariaDB/MySQL
   const CDATA_DEFINITION = "mediumtext";
   const CSUM_DEFINITION = "varchar(40)";
@@ -179,6 +187,9 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
     else return $rowIds;
   }
 
+  #############################################################################
+  # Migration et metadata
+
   abstract protected function tableExists(string $tableName): bool;
 
   const METADATA_TABLE = "_metadata";
@@ -216,6 +227,9 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
 
   abstract function getMigration(CapacitorChannel $channel): _migration;
 
+  #############################################################################
+  # Catalogue
+
   const CATALOG_TABLE = "_channels";
   const CATALOG_COLS = [
     "name" => "varchar not null primary key",
@@ -259,21 +273,7 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
     return $raw !== null;
   }
 
-  function _create(CapacitorChannel $channel): void {
-    if (!$this->tableExists($channel->getTableName())) {
-      $this->prepareMetadata();
-      $this->getMigration($channel)->migrate($this->db());
-      $this->afterCreate($channel);
-    }
-  }
-
-  function create(CapacitorChannel $channel, bool $force=false): void {
-    if ($force || !$channel->isCreated()) {
-      $channel->ensureSetup();
-      $this->_create($channel);
-      $channel->setCreated();
-    }
-  }
+  #############################################################################
 
   protected function afterCreate(CapacitorChannel $channel): void {
     $db = $this->db();
@@ -281,6 +281,20 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
     $db->exec($this->addToCatalogSql($channel));
   }
 
+  function create(CapacitorChannel $channel): void {
+    $this->prepareMetadata();
+    $this->getMigration($channel)->migrate($this->db());
+    $this->afterCreate($channel);
+  }
+
+  function autocreate(CapacitorChannel $channel, bool $force=false): void {
+    if ($force || !$channel->isCreated()) {
+      $channel->ensureSetup();
+      $this->create($channel);
+      $channel->setCreated();
+    }
+  }
+
   /** tester si le canal spécifié existe */
   function exists(CapacitorChannel $channel): bool {
     return $this->tableExists($channel->getTableName());
@@ -313,7 +327,7 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
       $channel->getTableName(),
     ]);
     $channel->setCreated(false);
-    if ($recreate) $this->create($channel);
+    if ($recreate) $this->autocreate($channel);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -341,7 +355,8 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
    * déjà à l'identique dans le canal
    */
   function charge(CapacitorChannel $channel, $item, $func=null, ?array $args=null, ?array &$row=null): int {
-    $this->create($channel);
+    $channel->initCapacitor($this);
+
     $tableName = $channel->getTableName();
     $db = $this->db();
     $args ??= [];
@@ -488,7 +503,8 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
    * fournie
    */
   function discharge(CapacitorChannel $channel, bool $reset=true): Traversable {
-    $this->create($channel);
+    $channel->initCapacitor($this);
+
     $raws = $this->db()->all([
       "select item__",
       "from" => $channel->getTableName(),
@@ -537,8 +553,9 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
 
   /** indiquer le nombre d'éléments du canal spécifié */
   function count(CapacitorChannel $channel, $filter): int {
-    $this->create($channel);
+    $channel->initCapacitor($this);
     $this->verifixFilter($channel, $filter);
+
     return $this->db()->get([
       "select count(*)",
       "from" => $channel->getTableName(),
@@ -552,9 +569,9 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
    * si $filter n'est pas un tableau, il est transformé en ["id_" => $filter]
    */
   function one(CapacitorChannel $channel, $filter, ?array $mergeQuery=null): ?array {
-    if ($filter === null) throw ValueException::null("filter");
-    $this->create($channel);
+    $channel->initCapacitor($this);
     $this->verifixFilter($channel, $filter);
+
     $raw = $this->db()->one(cl::merge([
       "select",
       "from" => $channel->getTableName(),
@@ -569,8 +586,9 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
    * si $filter n'est pas un tableau, il est transformé en ["id_" => $filter]
    */
   function all(CapacitorChannel $channel, $filter, ?array $mergeQuery=null): Traversable {
-    $this->create($channel);
+    $channel->initCapacitor($this);
     $this->verifixFilter($channel, $filter);
+
     $raws = $this->db()->all(cl::merge([
       "select",
       "from" => $channel->getTableName(),
@@ -594,7 +612,8 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
    * @return int le nombre de lignes parcourues
    */
   function each(CapacitorChannel $channel, $filter, $func=null, ?array $args=null, ?array $mergeQuery=null, ?int &$nbUpdated=null): int {
-    $this->create($channel);
+    $channel->initCapacitor($this);
+
     if ($func === null) $func = CapacitorChannel::onEach;
     $onEach = func::with($func)->bind($channel);
     $db = $this->db();
@@ -660,7 +679,8 @@ abstract class Capacitor {
    * @return int le nombre de lignes parcourues
    */
   function delete(CapacitorChannel $channel, $filter, $func=null, ?array $args=null): int {
-    $this->create($channel);
+    $channel->initCapacitor($this);
+
     if ($func === null) $func = CapacitorChannel::onDelete;
     $onDelete = func::with($func)->bind($channel);
     $db = $this->db();
diff --git a/php/src/db/CapacitorChannel.php b/php/src/db/CapacitorChannel.php
index f3aa911..8151abf 100644
--- a/php/src/db/CapacitorChannel.php
+++ b/php/src/db/CapacitorChannel.php
@@ -55,9 +55,8 @@ class CapacitorChannel implements ITransactor {
     return $eachCommitThreshold;
   }
 
-  function __construct(?Capacitor $capacitor=null, ?array $params=null) {
-    $capacitor ??= $params["storage"] ?? null;
-    $this->capacitor = $capacitor;
+  function __construct(?array $params=null) {
+    $this->capacitor = null;
 
     $name = $params["name"] ?? static::NAME;
     $tableName = $params["tableName"] ?? static::TABLE_NAME;
@@ -65,8 +64,9 @@ class CapacitorChannel implements ITransactor {
     $this->name = $name;
     $this->tableName = $tableName;
 
-    $autocreate = $params["autocreate"] ?? null;
-    $autocreate ??= !app::get()->isProductionMode();
+    #$autocreate = $params["autocreate"] ?? null;
+    #$autocreate ??= !app::get()->isProductionMode();
+    $autocreate = true; #XXX
     $this->created = !$autocreate;
     $this->setup = false;
 
@@ -423,8 +423,9 @@ class CapacitorChannel implements ITransactor {
     return $this->capacitor;
   }
 
-  function initCapacitor(Capacitor $capacitor): self {
-    $this->capacitor = $capacitor;
+  function initCapacitor(Capacitor $capacitor, bool $autocreate=true): self {
+    if ($this->capacitor === null) $this->capacitor = $capacitor;
+    if ($autocreate) $this->capacitor->autocreate($this);
     return $this;
   }
 
@@ -530,7 +531,7 @@ class CapacitorChannel implements ITransactor {
   }
 
   function charge($item, $func=null, ?array $args=null, ?array &$row=null): int {
-    return $this->capacitor->charge($item, $func, $args, $row);
+    return $this->capacitor->charge($this, $item, $func, $args, $row);
   }
 
   function chargeAll(?iterable $items, $func=null, ?array $args=null): int {
diff --git a/php/tests/db/sqlite/ChannelMigrationTest.php b/php/tests/db/sqlite/ChannelMigrationTest.php
index e399d15..799cf18 100644
--- a/php/tests/db/sqlite/ChannelMigrationTest.php
+++ b/php/tests/db/sqlite/ChannelMigrationTest.php
@@ -30,23 +30,23 @@ class ChannelMigrationTest extends TestCase {
   }
 
   function testMigration() {
-    $storage = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
+    $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
     $data = [
       ["first", "premier", new DateTime(), new DateTime(), 15],
       ["second", "deuxieme", new DateTime(), new DateTime(), 15],
     ];
 
-    new Capacitor($storage, $channel = new MyChannel());
+    $capacitor->newChannel($channel = new MyChannel());
     $channel->reset(true);
     $this->addData($channel, $data);
 
-    new Capacitor($storage, $channel = new MyChannelV2());
+    $capacitor->newChannel($channel = new MyChannelV2());
     $this->addData($channel, $data);
 
-    new Capacitor($storage, $channel = new MyChannelV3());
+    $capacitor->newChannel($channel = new MyChannelV3());
     $this->addData($channel, $data);
 
-    $sql = $channel->getCapacitor()->getCreateChannelSql();
+    $sql = $channel->getCreateSql();
     $class = MyChannelV3::class;
     $expected = <<<EOT
 -- -*- coding: utf-8 mode: sql -*- vim:sw=4:sts=4:et:ai:si:sta:fenc=utf-8
@@ -75,17 +75,17 @@ EOT;
   }
 
   function testMigrationIndex() {
-    $storage = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
+    $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
     $data = [
       ["un", "premier", "first"],
       ["deux", "deuxieme", "second"],
     ];
 
-    new Capacitor($storage, $channel = new MyIndexChannel());
+    $capacitor->newChannel($channel = new MyIndexChannel());
     $channel->reset(true);
     $channel->chargeAll($data);
 
-    $sql = $channel->getCapacitor()->getCreateChannelSql();
+    $sql = $channel->getCreateSql();
     $class = MyIndexChannel::class;
     $expected = <<<EOT
 -- -*- coding: utf-8 mode: sql -*- vim:sw=4:sts=4:et:ai:si:sta:fenc=utf-8
diff --git a/php/tests/db/sqlite/SqliteCapacitorTest.php b/php/tests/db/sqlite/SqliteCapacitorTest.php
index 9e6404b..7ec5847 100644
--- a/php/tests/db/sqlite/SqliteCapacitorTest.php
+++ b/php/tests/db/sqlite/SqliteCapacitorTest.php
@@ -31,30 +31,40 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
 
   function testChargeStrings() {
     $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
-    $channel = new CapacitorChannel();
+
+    $channel = $capacitor->newChannel(null);
     $this->_testChargeStrings($capacitor, $channel);
+    self::Txx(cl::all($capacitor->discharge($channel, false)));
+
+    $channel = $capacitor->newChannel("strings");
+    $this->_testChargeStrings($capacitor, $channel);
+    self::Txx(cl::all($capacitor->discharge($channel, false)));
+
     $capacitor->close();
+    self::assertTrue(true);
   }
 
   function testChargeArrays() {
     $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
-    $channel = new class extends CapacitorChannel {
+
+    $channel = $capacitor->newChannel(new class extends CapacitorChannel {
       const NAME = "arrays";
       const COLUMN_DEFINITIONS = ["id" => "integer"];
 
       function getItemValues($item): ?array {
         return ["id" => $item["id"] ?? null];
       }
-    };
+    });
+    $this->_testChargeArrays($capacitor, $channel);
+    self::Txx(cl::all($capacitor->discharge($channel, false)));
 
-    $this->_testChargeStrings($capacitor, "strings");
-    $this->_testChargeArrays($capacitor, "arrays");
     $capacitor->close();
+    self::assertTrue(true);
   }
 
   function testEach() {
-    $storage = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
-    $capacitor = new Capacitor($storage, new class extends CapacitorChannel {
+    $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
+    $each = $capacitor->newChannel(new class extends CapacitorChannel {
       const NAME = "each";
       const COLUMN_DEFINITIONS = [
         "age" => "integer",
@@ -68,11 +78,11 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       }
     });
 
-    $capacitor->reset();
-    $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 5]);
-    $capacitor->charge(["name" => "second", "age" => 10]);
-    $capacitor->charge(["name" => "third", "age" => 15]);
-    $capacitor->charge(["name" => "fourth", "age" => 20]);
+    $capacitor->reset($each);
+    $capacitor->charge($each, ["name" => "first", "age" => 5]);
+    $capacitor->charge($each, ["name" => "second", "age" => 10]);
+    $capacitor->charge($each, ["name" => "third", "age" => 15]);
+    $capacitor->charge($each, ["name" => "fourth", "age" => 20]);
 
     $setDone = function ($row, $suffix=null) {
       $item = $row["item"];
@@ -83,17 +93,18 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       }
       return $updates;
     };
-    $capacitor->each(["age" => [">", 10]], $setDone, ["++"]);
-    $capacitor->each(["done" => 0], $setDone);
+    $capacitor->each($each, ["age" => [">", 10]], $setDone, ["++"]);
+    $capacitor->each($each, ["done" => 0], $setDone);
+
+    self::Txx(cl::all($capacitor->discharge($each, false)));
 
-    self::Txx(cl::all($capacitor->discharge(false)));
     $capacitor->close();
     self::assertTrue(true);
   }
 
   function testPrimayKey() {
-    $storage = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
-    $capacitor = new Capacitor($storage, new class extends CapacitorChannel {
+    $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
+    $channel = $capacitor->newChannel(new class extends CapacitorChannel {
       const NAME = "pk";
       const COLUMN_DEFINITIONS = [
         "id_" => "varchar primary key",
@@ -107,21 +118,23 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       }
     });
 
-    $capacitor->charge(["numero" => "a", "name" => "first", "age" => 5]);
-    $capacitor->charge(["numero" => "b", "name" => "second", "age" => 10]);
-    $capacitor->charge(["numero" => "c", "name" => "third", "age" => 15]);
-    $capacitor->charge(["numero" => "d", "name" => "fourth", "age" => 20]);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["numero" => "a", "name" => "first", "age" => 5]);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["numero" => "b", "name" => "second", "age" => 10]);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["numero" => "c", "name" => "third", "age" => 15]);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["numero" => "d", "name" => "fourth", "age" => 20]);
     sleep(2);
-    $capacitor->charge(["numero" => "b", "name" => "second", "age" => 100]);
-    $capacitor->charge(["numero" => "d", "name" => "fourth", "age" => 200]);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["numero" => "b", "name" => "second", "age" => 100]);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["numero" => "d", "name" => "fourth", "age" => 200]);
+
+    self::Txx(cl::all($capacitor->discharge($channel, false)));
 
     $capacitor->close();
     self::assertTrue(true);
   }
 
   function testSum() {
-    $storage = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
-    $capacitor = new Capacitor($storage, new class extends CapacitorChannel {
+    $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
+    $channel = $capacitor->newChannel(new class extends CapacitorChannel {
       const NAME = "sum";
       const COLUMN_DEFINITIONS = [
         "a__" => "varchar",
@@ -137,19 +150,17 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       }
     });
 
-    $capacitor->reset();
-    $capacitor->charge(["a" => null, "b" => null]);
-    $capacitor->charge(["a" => "first", "b" => "second"]);
+    $capacitor->reset($channel);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["a" => null, "b" => null]);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["a" => "first", "b" => "second"]);
 
     self::Txx("=== all");
-    /** @var Sqlite $sqlite */
-    $sqlite = $capacitor->getStorage()->db();
-    self::Txx(cl::all($sqlite->all([
+    self::Txx(cl::all($capacitor->db()->all([
       "select",
-      "from" => $capacitor->getChannel()->getTableName(),
+      "from" => $channel->getTableName(),
     ])));
     self::Txx("=== each");
-    $capacitor->each(null, function ($row) {
+    $capacitor->each($channel, null, function ($row) {
       self::Txx($row);
     });
 
@@ -159,8 +170,8 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
 
   function testEachValues() {
     # tester que values contient bien toutes les valeurs de la ligne
-    $storage = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
-    $capacitor = new Capacitor($storage, new class extends CapacitorChannel {
+    $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
+    $channel = $capacitor->newChannel(new class extends CapacitorChannel {
       const NAME = "each_values";
       const COLUMN_DEFINITIONS = [
         "name" => "varchar primary key",
@@ -177,8 +188,8 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       }
     });
 
-    $capacitor->reset();
-    $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 5], function($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
+    $capacitor->reset($channel);
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["name" => "first", "age" => 5], function($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
       self::assertSame("first", $item["name"]);
       self::assertSame(5, $item["age"]);
       self::assertnotnull($row);
@@ -190,7 +201,7 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       ], cl::select($row, ["name", "age", "item"]));
       self::assertNull($prow);
     });
-    $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 10], function($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["name" => "first", "age" => 10], function($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
       self::assertSame("first", $item["name"]);
       self::assertSame(10, $item["age"]);
       self::assertnotnull($row);
@@ -212,7 +223,7 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       ], cl::select($prow, ["name", "age", "done", "notes", "item"]));
     });
 
-    $capacitor->each(null, function(array $row) {
+    $capacitor->each($channel, null, function(array $row) {
       $item = $row["item"];
       self::assertSame("first", $item["name"]);
       self::assertSame(10, $item["age"]);
@@ -230,7 +241,7 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
         "notes" => "modified",
       ];
     });
-    $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 10], function($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["name" => "first", "age" => 10], function($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
       self::assertSame("first", $item["name"]);
       self::assertSame(10, $item["age"]);
       self::assertnotnull($row);
@@ -252,7 +263,7 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       ], cl::select($prow, ["name", "age", "done", "notes", "item"]));
     });
 
-    $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 20], function($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
+    $capacitor->charge($channel, ["name" => "first", "age" => 20], function($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
       self::assertSame("first", $item["name"]);
       self::assertSame(20, $item["age"]);
       self::assertnotnull($row);
@@ -277,8 +288,8 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
 
   function testSetItemNull() {
     # tester le forçage de $îtem à null pour économiser la place
-    $storage = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
-    $capacitor = new Capacitor($storage, new class extends CapacitorChannel {
+    $capacitor = new SqliteCapacitor(__DIR__.'/capacitor.db');
+    $channel = $capacitor->newChannel(new class extends CapacitorChannel {
       const NAME = "set_item_null";
       const COLUMN_DEFINITIONS = [
         "name" => "varchar primary key",
@@ -295,8 +306,8 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
       }
     });
 
-    $capacitor->reset();
-    $nbModified = $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 5], function ($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
+    $capacitor->reset($channel);
+    $nbModified = $capacitor->charge($channel, ["name" => "first", "age" => 5], function ($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
       self::assertSame([
         "name" => "first", "age" => 5,
         "item" => $item,
@@ -307,7 +318,7 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
     sleep(1);
     # nb: on met des sleep() pour que la date de modification soit systématiquement différente
 
-    $nbModified = $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 10], function ($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
+    $nbModified = $capacitor->charge($channel, ["name" => "first", "age" => 10], function ($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
       self::assertSame([
         "name" => "first", "age" => 10,
         "item" => $item, "item__sum_" => "9181336dfca20c86313d6065d89aa2ad5070b0fc",
@@ -322,7 +333,7 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
     sleep(1);
 
     # pas de modification ici
-    $nbModified = $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 10], function ($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
+    $nbModified = $capacitor->charge($channel, ["name" => "first", "age" => 10], function ($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
       self::assertSame([
         "name" => "first", "age" => 10,
         "item" => $item, "item__sum_" => "9181336dfca20c86313d6065d89aa2ad5070b0fc",
@@ -336,7 +347,7 @@ class SqliteCapacitorTest extends TestCase {
     self::assertSame(0, $nbModified);
     sleep(1);
 
-    $nbModified = $capacitor->charge(["name" => "first", "age" => 20], function ($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
+    $nbModified = $capacitor->charge($channel, ["name" => "first", "age" => 20], function ($item, ?array $row, ?array $prow) {
       self::assertSame([
         "name" => "first", "age" => 20,
         "item" => $item, "item__sum_" => "001b91982b4e0883b75428c0eb28573a5dc5f7a5",