diff --git a/php/src/db/IDatabase.php b/php/src/db/IDatabase.php
index 497e5be..dc71720 100644
--- a/php/src/db/IDatabase.php
+++ b/php/src/db/IDatabase.php
@@ -15,5 +15,9 @@ interface IDatabase extends ITransactor {
 
   function one($query, ?array $params=null): ?array;
 
+  /**
+   * si $primaryKeys est fourni, le résultat est indexé sur la(es) colonne(s)
+   * spécifiée(s)
+   */
   function all($query, ?array $params=null, $primaryKeys=null): iterable;
 }
diff --git a/php/src/db/_private/_base.php b/php/src/db/_private/_base.php
index 14568cb..5e366e6 100644
--- a/php/src/db/_private/_base.php
+++ b/php/src/db/_private/_base.php
@@ -6,7 +6,51 @@ use nulib\str;
 use nulib\ValueException;
 
 abstract class _base extends _common {
-  abstract protected static function verifix(&$sql, ?array &$bindings=null, ?array &$meta=null): void;
+  protected static function verifix(&$sql, ?array &$bindings=null, ?array &$meta=null): void {
+    if (is_array($sql)) {
+      $prefix = $sql[0] ?? null;
+      if ($prefix === null) {
+        throw new ValueException("requête invalide");
+      } elseif (_create::isa($prefix)) {
+        $sql = _create::parse($sql, $bindings);
+        $meta = ["isa" => "create", "type" => "ddl"];
+      } elseif (_select::isa($prefix)) {
+        $sql = _select::parse($sql, $bindings);
+        $meta = ["isa" => "select", "type" => "dql"];
+      } elseif (_insert::isa($prefix)) {
+        $sql = _insert::parse($sql, $bindings);
+        $meta = ["isa" => "insert", "type" => "dml"];
+      } elseif (_update::isa($prefix)) {
+        $sql = _update::parse($sql, $bindings);
+        $meta = ["isa" => "update", "type" => "dml"];
+      } elseif (_delete::isa($prefix)) {
+        $sql = _delete::parse($sql, $bindings);
+        $meta = ["isa" => "delete", "type" => "dml"];
+      } elseif (_generic::isa($prefix)) {
+        $sql = _generic::parse($sql, $bindings);
+        $meta = ["isa" => "generic", "type" => null];
+      } else {
+        throw ValueException::invalid_kind($sql, "query");
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!is_string($sql)) $sql = strval($sql);
+      if (_create::isa($sql)) {
+        $meta = ["isa" => "create", "type" => "ddl"];
+      } elseif (_select::isa($sql)) {
+        $meta = ["isa" => "select", "type" => "dql"];
+      } elseif (_insert::isa($sql)) {
+        $meta = ["isa" => "insert", "type" => "dml"];
+      } elseif (_update::isa($sql)) {
+        $meta = ["isa" => "update", "type" => "dml"];
+      } elseif (_delete::isa($sql)) {
+        $meta = ["isa" => "delete", "type" => "dml"];
+      } elseif (_generic::isa($sql)) {
+        $meta = ["isa" => "generic", "type" => null];
+      } else {
+        $meta = ["isa" => "generic", "type" => null];
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
   static function with($sql, ?array $params=null): array {
     static::verifix($sql, $params);
diff --git a/php/src/db/pdo/Pdo.php b/php/src/db/pdo/Pdo.php
index fb8b9b8..286dbeb 100644
--- a/php/src/db/pdo/Pdo.php
+++ b/php/src/db/pdo/Pdo.php
@@ -143,11 +143,6 @@ class Pdo implements IDatabase {
     return $this->db()->exec($query);
   }
 
-  private static function is_insert(?string $sql): bool {
-    if ($sql === null) return false;
-    return preg_match('/^\s*insert\b/i', $sql);
-  }
-
   function exec($query, ?array $params=null) {
     $db = $this->db();
     $query = new query($query, $params);
@@ -157,7 +152,7 @@ class Pdo implements IDatabase {
       else return $stmt->rowCount();
     } else {
       $rowCount = $db->exec($sql);
-      if (self::is_insert($sql)) return $db->lastInsertId();
+      if ($query->isInsert()) return $db->lastInsertId();
       else return $rowCount;
     }
   }
@@ -245,11 +240,7 @@ class Pdo implements IDatabase {
     return $this->get($query, $params, true);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * si $primaryKeys est fourni, le résultat est indexé sur la(es) colonne(s)
-   * spécifiée(s)
-   */
-  function all($query, ?array $params=null, $primaryKeys=null): Generator {
+  function all($query, ?array $params=null, $primaryKeys=null): iterable {
     $db = $this->db();
     $query = new query($query, $params);
     $stmt = null;
@@ -260,7 +251,7 @@ class Pdo implements IDatabase {
       } else {
         $stmt = $db->query($sql);
       }
-      if ($primaryKeys !== null) $primaryKeys = cl::with($primaryKeys);
+      $primaryKeys = cl::withn($primaryKeys);
       while (($row = $stmt->fetch(\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) !== false) {
         $this->verifixRow($row);
         if ($primaryKeys !== null) {
diff --git a/php/src/db/pdo/query.php b/php/src/db/pdo/query.php
index f57cf4b..5d6962f 100644
--- a/php/src/db/pdo/query.php
+++ b/php/src/db/pdo/query.php
@@ -2,64 +2,11 @@
 namespace nulib\db\pdo;
 
 use nulib\db\_private\_base;
-use nulib\db\_private\_create;
-use nulib\db\_private\_delete;
-use nulib\db\_private\_generic;
-use nulib\db\_private\_insert;
-use nulib\db\_private\_select;
-use nulib\db\_private\_update;
 use nulib\db\_private\Tbindings;
-use nulib\ValueException;
 
 class query extends _base {
   use Tbindings;
 
-  protected static function verifix(&$sql, ?array &$bindings=null, ?array &$meta=null): void {
-    if (is_array($sql)) {
-      $prefix = $sql[0] ?? null;
-      if ($prefix === null) {
-        throw new ValueException("requête invalide");
-      } elseif (_create::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _create::parse($sql, $bindings);
-        $meta = ["isa" => "create", "type" => "ddl"];
-      } elseif (_select::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _select::parse($sql, $bindings);
-        $meta = ["isa" => "select", "type" => "dql"];
-      } elseif (_insert::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _insert::parse($sql, $bindings);
-        $meta = ["isa" => "insert", "type" => "dml"];
-      } elseif (_update::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _update::parse($sql, $bindings);
-        $meta = ["isa" => "update", "type" => "dml"];
-      } elseif (_delete::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _delete::parse($sql, $bindings);
-        $meta = ["isa" => "delete", "type" => "dml"];
-      } elseif (_generic::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _generic::parse($sql, $bindings);
-        $meta = ["isa" => "generic", "type" => null];
-      } else {
-        throw ValueException::invalid_kind($sql, "query");
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (!is_string($sql)) $sql = strval($sql);
-      if (_create::isa($sql)) {
-        $meta = ["isa" => "create", "type" => "ddl"];
-      } elseif (_select::isa($sql)) {
-        $meta = ["isa" => "select", "type" => "dql"];
-      } elseif (_insert::isa($sql)) {
-        $meta = ["isa" => "insert", "type" => "dml"];
-      } elseif (_update::isa($sql)) {
-        $meta = ["isa" => "update", "type" => "dml"];
-      } elseif (_delete::isa($sql)) {
-        $meta = ["isa" => "delete", "type" => "dml"];
-      } elseif (_generic::isa($sql)) {
-        $meta = ["isa" => "generic", "type" => null];
-      } else {
-        $meta = ["isa" => "generic", "type" => null];
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   const DEBUG_QUERIES = false;
 
   function useStmt(\PDO $db, ?\PDOStatement &$stmt=null, ?string &$sql=null): bool {
diff --git a/php/src/db/pgsql/Pgsql.php b/php/src/db/pgsql/Pgsql.php
index 1f3dd1e..f45ba30 100644
--- a/php/src/db/pgsql/Pgsql.php
+++ b/php/src/db/pgsql/Pgsql.php
@@ -164,15 +164,27 @@ class Pgsql implements IDatabase {
     return $this->db;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * @return resource|false
-   */
-  function _exec(string $query) {
-    return pg_query($this->db(), $query);
+  function _exec(string $query): bool {
+    $result = pg_query($this->db(), $query);
+    if ($result === false) return false;
+    pg_free_result($result);
+    return true;
   }
 
   function exec($query, ?array $params=null) {
-    // TODO: Implement exec() method.
+    $db = $this->db();
+    $query = new query($query, $params);
+    $result = $query->_exec($db);
+    if ($query->isInsert()) {
+      $result = @pg_query($db, "select lastval()");
+      if ($result === false) return false;
+      $lastInsertId = pg_fetch_row($result)[0];
+      pg_free_result($result);
+      return $lastInsertId;
+    }
+    $affected_rows = pg_affected_rows($result);
+    pg_free_result($result);
+    return $affected_rows;
   }
 
   /** @var ITransactor[] */
@@ -243,14 +255,35 @@ class Pgsql implements IDatabase {
   }
 
   function get($query, ?array $params=null, bool $entireRow=false) {
-    // TODO: Implement get() method.
+    $db = $this->db();
+    $query = new query($query, $params);
+    $result = $query->_exec($db);
+    $row = pg_fetch_assoc($result);
+    pg_free_result($result);
+    if ($row === false) return null;
+    $this->verifixRow($row);
+    if ($entireRow) return $row;
+    else return cl::first($row);
   }
 
   function one($query, ?array $params=null): ?array {
-    // TODO: Implement one() method.
+    return $this->get($query, $params, true);
   }
 
   function all($query, ?array $params=null, $primaryKeys=null): iterable {
-    // TODO: Implement all() method.
+    $db = $this->db();
+    $query = new query($query, $params);
+    $result = $query->_exec($db);
+    $primaryKeys = cl::withn($primaryKeys);
+    while (($row = pg_fetch_assoc($result)) !== false) {
+      $this->verifixRow($row);
+      if ($primaryKeys !== null) {
+        $key = implode("-", cl::select($row, $primaryKeys));
+        yield $key => $row;
+      } else {
+        yield $row;
+      }
+    }
+    pg_free_result($result);
   }
 }
diff --git a/php/src/db/pgsql/PgsqlException.php b/php/src/db/pgsql/PgsqlException.php
index 056bf41..afd21c4 100644
--- a/php/src/db/pgsql/PgsqlException.php
+++ b/php/src/db/pgsql/PgsqlException.php
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ use RuntimeException;
 use SQLite3;
 
 class PgsqlException extends RuntimeException {
+  static final function last_error($db): self {
+    return new static(pg_last_error($db));
+  }
+
   static final function wrap(Exception $e): self {
     return new static($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
   }
diff --git a/php/src/db/pgsql/query.php b/php/src/db/pgsql/query.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2b76b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/php/src/db/pgsql/query.php
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?php
+namespace nulib\db\pgsql;
+
+use nulib\db\_private\_base;
+use nulib\db\_private\_create;
+use nulib\db\_private\_delete;
+use nulib\db\_private\_generic;
+use nulib\db\_private\_insert;
+use nulib\db\_private\_select;
+use nulib\db\_private\_update;
+use nulib\db\_private\Tbindings;
+use nulib\ValueException;
+
+class query extends _base {
+  use Tbindings;
+
+  const DEBUG_QUERIES = false;
+
+  /**
+   * @return resource
+   */
+  function _exec($db) {
+    if (static::DEBUG_QUERIES) { #XXX
+      error_log($this->sql);
+      //error_log(var_export($this->bindings, true));
+    }
+    if ($this->bindings !== null) {
+      #XXX corriger les bindings et la requête *dans le constructeur*
+      $result = pg_query_params($db, $this->sql, $this->bindings);
+    } else {
+      $result = pg_query($db, $this->sql);
+    }
+    if ($result === false) throw PgsqlException::last_error($db);
+    return $result;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/php/src/db/sqlite/Sqlite.php b/php/src/db/sqlite/Sqlite.php
index b797eb9..47ed23a 100644
--- a/php/src/db/sqlite/Sqlite.php
+++ b/php/src/db/sqlite/Sqlite.php
@@ -181,11 +181,6 @@ class Sqlite implements IDatabase {
     return $this->db()->exec($query);
   }
 
-  private static function is_insert(?string $sql): bool {
-    if ($sql === null) return false;
-    return preg_match('/^\s*insert\b/i', $sql);
-  }
-
   function exec($query, ?array $params=null) {
     $db = $this->db();
     $query = new query($query, $params);
@@ -202,7 +197,7 @@ class Sqlite implements IDatabase {
     } else {
       $result = $db->exec($sql);
       if ($result === false) return false;
-      if (self::is_insert($sql)) return $db->lastInsertRowID();
+      if ($query->isInsert()) return $db->lastInsertRowID();
       else return $db->changes();
     }
   }
@@ -301,7 +296,7 @@ class Sqlite implements IDatabase {
   }
 
   protected function _fetchResult(SQLite3Result $result, ?SQLite3Stmt $stmt=null, $primaryKeys=null): Generator {
-    if ($primaryKeys !== null) $primaryKeys = cl::with($primaryKeys);
+    $primaryKeys = cl::withn($primaryKeys);
     try {
       while (($row = $result->fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC)) !== false) {
         $this->verifixRow($row);
@@ -318,10 +313,6 @@ class Sqlite implements IDatabase {
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * si $primaryKeys est fourni, le résultat est indexé sur la(es) colonne(s)
-   * spécifiée(s)
-   */
   function all($query, ?array $params=null, $primaryKeys=null): iterable {
     $db = $this->db();
     $query = new query($query, $params);
diff --git a/php/src/db/sqlite/query.php b/php/src/db/sqlite/query.php
index 2c53dda..294d583 100644
--- a/php/src/db/sqlite/query.php
+++ b/php/src/db/sqlite/query.php
@@ -17,31 +17,6 @@ use SQLite3Stmt;
 class query extends _base {
   use Tbindings;
 
-  protected static function verifix(&$sql, ?array &$bindings=null, ?array &$meta=null): void {
-    if (is_array($sql)) {
-      $prefix = $sql[0] ?? null;
-      if ($prefix === null) {
-        throw new ValueException("requête invalide");
-      } elseif (_create::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _create::parse($sql, $bindings);
-      } elseif (_select::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _select::parse($sql, $bindings);
-      } elseif (_insert::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _insert::parse($sql, $bindings);
-      } elseif (_update::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _update::parse($sql, $bindings);
-      } elseif (_delete::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _delete::parse($sql, $bindings);
-      } elseif (_generic::isa($prefix)) {
-        $sql = _generic::parse($sql, $bindings);
-      } else {
-        throw SqliteException::wrap(ValueException::invalid_kind($sql, "query"));
-      }
-    } elseif (!is_string($sql)) {
-      $sql = strval($sql);
-    }
-  }
-
   const DEBUG_QUERIES = false;
 
   function useStmt(SQLite3 $db, ?SQLite3Stmt &$stmt=null, ?string &$sql=null): bool {