diff --git a/nur_bin/mysql-storage.php b/nur_bin/mysql-storage.php
index 08cde38..9d1087b 100755
--- a/nur_bin/mysql-storage.php
+++ b/nur_bin/mysql-storage.php
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Application::run(new class extends Application {
       $channel = new $channelClass;
     } elseif ($this->tableName !== null) {
       $channel = new class($this->tableName) extends CapacitorChannel {
-        public function __construct(?string $name=null) {
+        function __construct(?string $name=null) {
           parent::__construct($name);
           $this->tableName = $name;
         }
diff --git a/nur_bin/sqlite-storage.php b/nur_bin/sqlite-storage.php
index 5ff50ea..f73c5ce 100755
--- a/nur_bin/sqlite-storage.php
+++ b/nur_bin/sqlite-storage.php
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Application::run(new class extends Application {
       $channel = new $channelClass;
     } elseif ($this->tableName !== null) {
       $channel = new class($this->tableName) extends CapacitorChannel {
-        public function __construct(?string $name=null) {
+        function __construct(?string $name=null) {
           parent::__construct($name);
           $this->tableName = $name;
         }
diff --git a/nur_src/v/bs3/fo/ControlTitle.php b/nur_src/v/bs3/fo/ControlTitle.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..192e00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nur_src/v/bs3/fo/ControlTitle.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\v\bs3\fo;
+
+use nur\A;
+use nur\b\params\Tparametrable;
+
+class ControlTitle extends ControlVisual {
+  use Tparametrable;
+
+  const PARAMETRABLE_PARAMS_SCHEMA = [
+    "title" => ["?content", null, "texte du titre"],
+  ];
+
+  /** @var array|string */
+  protected $ppTitle;
+
+  function getLayout(array $control): array {
+    return $this->getFgsLayout($control, true);
+  }
+
+  function getControl(): array {
+    $control = A::with(q($this->ppTitle));
+    if ($this->ppNaked) return $control;
+    else return $this->getLayout($control);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/nur_src/v/bs3/fo/Form.php b/nur_src/v/bs3/fo/Form.php
index 5f6b6f9..f9ebcda 100644
--- a/nur_src/v/bs3/fo/Form.php
+++ b/nur_src/v/bs3/fo/Form.php
@@ -743,6 +743,24 @@ class Form extends ComponentPrintable implements IParametrable, ArrayAccess, Cou
   function endGroup(): void {
   }
 
+  #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+  # title
+
+  function title($title, ?array $params=null): ControlTitle {
+    A::set_nz($params, "title", $title);
+    $this->fixControlParams($params);
+    return new ControlTitle($this, $params);
+  }
+
+  function addTitle($title, ?array $params=null): self {
+    $this->addControl($this->title($title, $params));
+    return $this;
+  }
+
+  function printTitle($title, ?array $params=null): void {
+    vo::write($this->title($title, $params));
+  }
+
   #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   # hidden
 
diff --git a/src/db/CapacitorChannel.php b/src/db/CapacitorChannel.php
index 293edbf..696f03a 100644
--- a/src/db/CapacitorChannel.php
+++ b/src/db/CapacitorChannel.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ class CapacitorChannel {
 
   const PRIMARY_KEYS = null;
 
+  const MANAGE_TRANSACTIONS = true;
+
   const EACH_COMMIT_THRESHOLD = 100;
 
   static function verifix_name(?string $name): string {
@@ -23,10 +25,17 @@ class CapacitorChannel {
     return strtolower($name);
   }
 
-  function __construct(?string $name=null, ?int $eachCommitThreshold=null) {
+  protected static function verifix_eachCommitThreshold(?int $eachCommitThreshold): ?int {
+    $eachCommitThreshold ??= static::EACH_COMMIT_THRESHOLD;
+    if ($eachCommitThreshold < 0) $eachCommitThreshold = null;
+    return $eachCommitThreshold;
+  }
+
+  function __construct(?string $name=null, ?int $eachCommitThreshold=null, ?bool $manageTransactions=null) {
     $this->name = self::verifix_name($name ?? static::NAME);
     $this->tableName = static::TABLE_NAME ?? ($this->name."_channel");
-    $this->eachCommitThreshold = $eachCommitThreshold ?? static::EACH_COMMIT_THRESHOLD;
+    $this->manageTransactions = $manageTransactions ?? static::MANAGE_TRANSACTIONS;
+    $this->eachCommitThreshold = self::verifix_eachCommitThreshold($eachCommitThreshold);
     $this->setup = false;
     $this->created = false;
     $columnDefinitions = cl::withn(static::COLUMN_DEFINITIONS);
@@ -50,37 +59,59 @@ class CapacitorChannel {
     $this->primaryKeys = $primaryKeys;
   }
 
-  /** @var string */
-  protected $name;
+  protected string $name;
 
   function getName(): string {
     return $this->name;
   }
 
-  protected $tableName;
+  protected string $tableName;
 
   function getTableName(): string {
     return $this->tableName;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * @var bool indiquer si les modifications de each doivent être gérées dans
+   * une transaction. si false, l'utilisateur doit lui même gérer la
+   * transaction.
+   */
+  protected bool $manageTransactions;
+
+  function isManageTransactions(): bool {
+    return $this->manageTransactions;
+  }
+
+  function setManageTransactions(bool $manageTransactions=true): self {
+    $this->manageTransactions = $manageTransactions;
+    return $this;
+  }
+
   /**
    * @var ?int nombre maximum de modifications dans une transaction avant un
    * commit automatique dans {@link Capacitor::each()}. Utiliser null pour
    * désactiver la fonctionnalité.
+   *
+   * ce paramètre n'a d'effet que si $manageTransactions==true
    */
-  protected $eachCommitThreshold;
+  protected ?int $eachCommitThreshold;
 
   function getEachCommitThreshold(): ?int {
     return $this->eachCommitThreshold;
   }
 
+  function setEachCommitThreshold(?int $eachCommitThreshold=null): self {
+    $this->eachCommitThreshold = self::verifix_eachCommitThreshold($eachCommitThreshold);
+    return $this;
+  }
+
   /**
    * initialiser ce channel avant sa première utilisation.
    */
   protected function setup(): void {
   }
 
-  protected $setup;
+  protected bool $setup;
 
   function ensureSetup() {
     if (!$this->setup) {
@@ -89,7 +120,7 @@ class CapacitorChannel {
     }
   }
 
-  protected $created;
+  protected bool $created;
 
   function isCreated(): bool {
     return $this->created;
diff --git a/src/db/CapacitorStorage.php b/src/db/CapacitorStorage.php
index ceceb9c..871f177 100644
--- a/src/db/CapacitorStorage.php
+++ b/src/db/CapacitorStorage.php
@@ -362,10 +362,13 @@ EOT;
     $onEach = func::_prepare($func);
     $db = $this->db();
     $tableName = $channel->getTableName();
-    $commited = false;
+    $manageTransactions = $channel->isManageTransactions();
     $count = 0;
-    $db->beginTransaction();
-    $commitThreshold = $channel->getEachCommitThreshold();
+    if ($manageTransactions) {
+      $commited = false;
+      $db->beginTransaction();
+      $commitThreshold = $channel->getEachCommitThreshold();
+    }
     try {
       $args ??= [];
       foreach ($this->_all($channel, $filter) as $rowValues) {
@@ -381,7 +384,7 @@ EOT;
             "values" => $this->serialize($channel, $updates),
             "where" => $rowIds,
           ]);
-          if ($commitThreshold !== null) {
+          if ($manageTransactions && $commitThreshold !== null) {
             $commitThreshold--;
             if ($commitThreshold == 0) {
               $db->commit();
@@ -392,11 +395,13 @@ EOT;
         }
         $count++;
       }
-      $db->commit();
-      $commited = true;
+      if ($manageTransactions) {
+        $db->commit();
+        $commited = true;
+      }
       return $count;
     } finally {
-      if (!$commited) $db->rollback();
+      if ($manageTransactions && !$commited) $db->rollback();
     }
   }
 
@@ -422,10 +427,13 @@ EOT;
     $onEach = func::_prepare($func);
     $db = $this->db();
     $tableName = $channel->getTableName();
-    $commited = false;
+    $manageTransactions = $channel->isManageTransactions();
     $count = 0;
-    $db->beginTransaction();
-    $commitThreshold = $channel->getEachCommitThreshold();
+    if ($manageTransactions) {
+      $commited = false;
+      $db->beginTransaction();
+      $commitThreshold = $channel->getEachCommitThreshold();
+    }
     try {
       $args ??= [];
       foreach ($this->_all($channel, $filter) as $rowValues) {
@@ -437,7 +445,7 @@ EOT;
             "from" => $tableName,
             "where" => $rowIds,
           ]);
-          if ($commitThreshold !== null) {
+          if ($manageTransactions && $commitThreshold !== null) {
             $commitThreshold--;
             if ($commitThreshold == 0) {
               $db->commit();
@@ -448,11 +456,13 @@ EOT;
         }
         $count++;
       }
-      $db->commit();
-      $commited = true;
+      if ($manageTransactions) {
+        $db->commit();
+        $commited = true;
+      }
       return $count;
     } finally {
-      if (!$commited) $db->rollback();
+      if ($manageTransactions && !$commited) $db->rollback();
     }
   }