diff --git a/src/output/IMessenger.php b/src/output/IMessenger.php
index d40bde9..84dc3ad 100644
--- a/src/output/IMessenger.php
+++ b/src/output/IMessenger.php
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ namespace nur\sery\output;
 interface IMessenger {
   const LEVEL_DEBUG = -1, LEVEL_NORMAL = 0, LEVEL_MAJOR = 1, LEVEL_NONE = 2;
 
+  /** réinitialiser les paramètres de l'objet */
+  function resetParams(?array $params=null): void;
+
   /**
    * commencer une section.
    *
@@ -45,35 +48,35 @@ interface IMessenger {
    *
    * démarrer une action le cas échéant (et la terminer aussitôt)
    */
-  function success($content=null): void;
+  function asuccess($content=null): void;
 
   /**
    * terminer l'action courante avec le résultat "échec"
    *
    * démarrer une action le cas échéant (et la terminer aussitôt)
    */
-  function failure($content=null): void;
+  function afailure($content=null): void;
 
   /**
    * terminer l'action courante avec le résultat "neutre"
    *
    * démarrer une action le cas échéant (et la terminer aussitôt)
    */
-  function neutral($content=null): void;
+  function adone($content=null): void;
 
   /** afficher une donnée non structurée */
   function print($content, ?int $level=null): void;
 
-  /** ajouter un événément "information" */
+  /** afficher un événément "information" */
   function info($content, ?int $level=null): void;
 
-  /** ajouter un événément "information importante" */
+  /** afficher un événément "information importante" */
   function note($content, ?int $level=null): void;
 
-  /** ajouter un événément "avertissement" */
+  /** afficher un événément "avertissement" */
   function warn($content, ?int $level=null): void;
 
-  /** ajouter un événément "erreur" */
+  /** afficher un événément "erreur" */
   function error($content, ?int $level=null): void;
 
   /**
@@ -83,5 +86,5 @@ interface IMessenger {
    * @param bool $all faut-il terminer *tous* les chapitres ainsi que la section
    * en cours?
    */
-  function end(bool $all=false);
+  function end(bool $all=false): void;
 }
diff --git a/src/output/Output.php b/src/output/Output.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 18b58b5..0000000
--- a/src/output/Output.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-namespace nur\sery\output;
-
-/**
- * Class Output: une destination pour écrire du contenu
- */
-abstract class Output {
-  /** afficher le contenu spécifié */
-  abstract function print(?array $contents): void;
-
-  /** afficher une ligne de donnée au format CSV */
-  abstract function printCsv(?array $row): void;
-
-  /** afficher un objet */
-  abstract function printObject($object): void;
-}
diff --git a/src/output/TOutputObjectAsCsv.php b/src/output/TOutputObjectAsCsv.php
deleted file mode 100644
index c5c61be..0000000
--- a/src/output/TOutputObjectAsCsv.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-namespace nur\sery\output;
-
-trait TOutputObjectAsCsv {
-  function printObject($object): void {
-    if ($object === null) return;
-    if (is_object($object)) $object = (array)$object;
-    if (is_array($object)) $this->printCsv($object);
-    else $this->print([$object]);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/output/TtyOutput.php b/src/output/TtyOutput.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 5abc156..0000000
--- a/src/output/TtyOutput.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-namespace nur\sery\output;
-
-use nulib\str;
-
-class TtyOutput extends Output {
-  use TOutputObjectAsCsv;
-
-  function print(?array $contents): void {
-    echo str::join("", $contents);
-  }
-
-  function printCsv(?array $row): void {
-    #XXX rendre paramétrable les options de sortie
-    fputcsv(STDOUT, $row);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/output/WebOutput.php b/src/output/WebOutput.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cb9fda..0000000
--- a/src/output/WebOutput.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-namespace nur\sery\output;
-
-use nulib\str;
-
-class WebOutput extends Output {
-  use TOutputObjectAsCsv;
-
-  function print($contents): void {
-    echo str::join("", $contents);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/output/_messenger.php b/src/output/_messenger.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..716d8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/_messenger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\output;
+
+use nulib\ValueException;
+use nulib\str;
+
+/**
+ * Class _messenger: classe de base pour say, log et msg
+ */
+abstract class _messenger {
+  /** @var IMessenger */
+  protected static $say;
+
+  /** @var IMessenger */
+  protected static $log;
+
+  static final function set_messenger(IMessenger $say, ?IMessenger $log=null) {
+    self::$say = $say;
+    if ($log !== null) self::$log = $log;
+  }
+
+  static final function set_messenger_class(string $say_class, ?string $log_class=null) {
+    if (!is_subclass_of($say_class, IMessenger::class)) {
+      throw ValueException::unexpected_class($say_class, IMessenger::class);
+    }
+    self::$say = new $say_class();
+    if ($log_class !== null) {
+      if (!is_subclass_of($log_class, IMessenger::class)) {
+        throw ValueException::unexpected_class($log_class, IMessenger::class);
+      }
+      self::$log = new $log_class();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** @return IMessenger[] */
+  abstract static function get_msgs(): array;
+
+  static final function __callStatic($name, $args) {
+    $name = str::us2camel($name);
+    foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) {
+      call_user_func_array([$msg, $name], $args);
+    }
+  }
+
+  #############################################################################
+
+  const DEBUG = IMessenger::LEVEL_DEBUG;
+  const NORMAL = IMessenger::LEVEL_NORMAL;
+  const MAJOR = IMessenger::LEVEL_MAJOR;
+  const NONE = IMessenger::LEVEL_NONE;
+
+  static function reset_params(?array $params) { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->resetParams($params); } }
+  function section($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->section($content, $level); } }
+  function title($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->title($content, $level); } }
+  function desc($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->desc($content, $level); } }
+  function action($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->action($content, $level); } }
+  function step($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->step($content, $level); } }
+  function asuccess($content=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->asuccess($content); } }
+  function afailure($content=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->afailure($content); } }
+  function adone($content=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->adone($content); } }
+  function print($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->print($content, $level); } }
+  function info($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->info($content, $level); } }
+  function note($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->note($content, $level); } }
+  function warn($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->warn($content, $level); } }
+  function error($content, ?int $level=null): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->error($content, $level); } }
+  function end(bool $all=false): void { foreach (static::get_msgs() as $msg) { $msg->end($all); } }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/log.php b/src/output/log.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bc35e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/log.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\output;
+
+/**
+ * Class log: inscrire un message dans les logs uniquement
+ */
+class log extends _messenger {
+  static function get_msgs(): array {
+    $log = self::$log;
+    return $log !== null? [$log]: [];
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/msg.php b/src/output/msg.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff38af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/msg.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\output;
+
+/**
+ * Class msg: inscrire un message dans les logs ET l'afficher sur la console
+ */
+class msg extends _messenger {
+  static function get_msgs(): array {
+    $msgs = [];
+    $log = self::$log;
+    if ($log !== null) $msgs[] = $log;
+    $say = self::$say;
+    if ($say !== null) $msgs[] = $say;
+    return $msgs;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/say.php b/src/output/say.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36c0c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/say.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\output;
+
+/**
+ * Class say: afficher un message sur la console uniquement
+ */
+class say extends _messenger {
+  static function get_msgs(): array {
+    $say = self::$say;
+    return $say !== null? [$say]: [];
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/StdMessenger.php b/src/output/std/StdMessenger.php
similarity index 87%
rename from src/output/StdMessenger.php
rename to src/output/std/StdMessenger.php
index 5e846ed..b4f4992 100644
--- a/src/output/StdMessenger.php
+++ b/src/output/std/StdMessenger.php
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 <?php
-namespace nur\sery\output;
+namespace nur\sery\output\std;
 
 use Exception;
 use nulib\cl;
+use nur\sery\output\IMessenger;
 
 class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
   const INDENT = "  ";
@@ -14,13 +15,10 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
     self::LEVEL_NONE,
   ];
   const LEVEL_MAP = [
-    "debug" => self::LEVEL_DEBUG,
-    "d" => self::LEVEL_DEBUG,
+    "debug" => self::LEVEL_DEBUG, "verbose" => self::LEVEL_DEBUG,
     "normal" => self::LEVEL_NORMAL,
-    "n" => self::LEVEL_NORMAL,
-    "major" => self::LEVEL_MAJOR,
-    "m" => self::LEVEL_MAJOR,
-    "none" => self::LEVEL_NONE,
+    "major" => self::LEVEL_MAJOR, "quiet" => self::LEVEL_MAJOR,
+    "none" => self::LEVEL_NONE, "silent" => self::LEVEL_NONE,
   ];
 
   protected static function verifix_level($level, int $max_level=self::LEVEL_MAJOR): int {
@@ -75,23 +73,28 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
   const RESULT_PREFIXES = [
     "failure" => ["(FAILURE)", "<color r>✘</color>"],
     "success" => ["(SUCCESS)", "<color @g>✔</color>"],
-    "neutral" => [null, null],
+    "done" => [null, null],
   ];
 
   function __construct(?array $params=null) {
     $output = cl::get($params, "output");
     $color = cl::get($params, "color");
-    $debug = boolval(cl::get($params, "debug"));
+    $indent = cl::get($params, "indent", static::INDENT);
+
     $defaultLevel = cl::get($params, "default_level");
     if ($defaultLevel === null) $defaultLevel = self::LEVEL_NORMAL;
     $defaultLevel = self::verifix_level($defaultLevel);
+
+    $debug = boolval(cl::get($params, "debug"));
     $minLevel = cl::get($params, "min_level");
-    if ($minLevel === null) $minLevel = $debug? self::LEVEL_DEBUG: self::LEVEL_NORMAL;
+    if ($minLevel === null && $debug) $minLevel = self::LEVEL_DEBUG;
+    if ($minLevel === null) $minLevel = cl::get($params, "verbosity"); # alias
+    if ($minLevel === null) $minLevel = self::LEVEL_NORMAL;
     $minLevel = self::verifix_level($minLevel, self::LEVEL_NONE);
 
     $params = [
       "color" => $color,
-      "indent" => static::INDENT,
+      "indent" => $indent,
     ];
     if ($output !== null) {
       $this->err = $this->out = new StdOutput($output, $params);
@@ -108,6 +111,35 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
     $this->action = null;
   }
 
+  function resetParams(?array $params=null): void {
+    $output = cl::get($params, "output");
+    $color = cl::get($params, "color");
+    $indent = cl::get($params, "indent");
+
+    $defaultLevel = cl::get($params, "default_level");
+    if ($defaultLevel !== null) $defaultLevel = self::verifix_level($defaultLevel);
+
+    $debug = cl::get($params, "debug");
+    $minLevel = cl::get($params, "min_level");
+    if ($minLevel === null && $debug !== null) $minLevel = $debug? self::LEVEL_DEBUG: self::LEVEL_NORMAL;
+    if ($minLevel === null) $minLevel = cl::get($params, "verbosity"); # alias
+    if ($minLevel !== null) $minLevel = self::verifix_level($minLevel, self::LEVEL_NONE);
+
+    $params = [
+      "output" => $output,
+      "color" => $color,
+      "indent" => $indent,
+    ];
+    if ($output !== null) {
+      $this->out->resetParams($params);
+    } else {
+      $this->out->resetParams($params);
+      $this->err->resetParams($params);
+    }
+    if ($defaultLevel !== null) $this->defaultLevel = $defaultLevel;
+    if ($minLevel !== null) $this->minLevel = $minLevel;
+  }
+
   /** @var StdOutput la sortie standard */
   protected $out;
 
@@ -173,7 +205,7 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
     $color = $out->isColor();
     if ($rsuccess === true) $type = "success";
     elseif ($rsuccess === false) $type = "failure";
-    else $type = "neutral";
+    else $type = "done";
     $rprefixes = self::RESULT_PREFIXES[$type];
     if ($color) {
       $rprefix = $rprefixes[1];
@@ -219,9 +251,10 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
         $prefix = $prefix2;
       }
     } elseif ($printResult) {
-      if (!$rcontent && $color) {
-        if ($rsuccess === true) $rcontent = "succès";
-        elseif ($rsuccess === false) $rcontent = "échec";
+      if (!$rcontent) {
+        if ($type === "success") $rcontent = $color? "succès": "";
+        elseif ($type === "failure") $rcontent = $color? "échec": "";
+        elseif ($type === "done") $rcontent = "fait";
       }
       $rprefix = " $rprefix";
       $rprefix2 = " $rprefix2";
@@ -409,7 +442,7 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
     $this->_printGeneric($level, "step", $content, $this->getIndentLevel(), $this->err);
   }
 
-  function success($content=null): void {
+  function asuccess($content=null): void {
     if (!$this->actions) $this->action(null);
     $this->action["result_success"] = true;
     $this->action["result_content"] = $content;
@@ -417,7 +450,7 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
     $this->endAction();
   }
 
-  function failure($content=null): void {
+  function afailure($content=null): void {
     if (!$this->actions) $this->action(null);
     $this->action["result_success"] = false;
     $this->action["result_content"] = $content;
@@ -425,7 +458,7 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
     $this->endAction();
   }
 
-  function neutral($content=null): void {
+  function adone($content=null): void {
     if (!$this->actions) $this->action(null);
     $this->action["result_success"] = null;
     $this->action["result_content"] = $content;
@@ -473,9 +506,9 @@ class StdMessenger implements IMessenger {
     $this->_printGeneric($level, "error", $content, $this->getIndentLevel(), $this->err);
   }
 
-  function end(bool $all=false) {
+  function end(bool $all=false): void {
     if ($all) {
-      while ($this->actions) $this->neutral();
+      while ($this->actions) $this->adone();
       while ($this->titles) $this->endTitle();
       $this->endSection();
     } elseif ($this->actions) {
diff --git a/src/output/StdOutput.php b/src/output/std/StdOutput.php
similarity index 75%
rename from src/output/StdOutput.php
rename to src/output/std/StdOutput.php
index 894673d..1945dc1 100644
--- a/src/output/StdOutput.php
+++ b/src/output/std/StdOutput.php
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 <?php
-namespace nur\sery\output;
+namespace nur\sery\output\std;
 
 use Exception;
 use nulib\cl;
+use nur\sery\output\IContent;
+use nur\sery\output\IPrintable;
 
 /**
  * Class StdOutput: affichage sur STDOUT, STDERR ou dans un fichier quelconque
@@ -69,40 +71,47 @@ class StdOutput {
    * échoué
    */
   function __construct($output=null, ?array $params=null) {
-    if ($output === null) $output = cl::get($params, "output");
+    if ($output !== null) $params["output"] = $output;
+    elseif (!isset($params["output"])) $params["output"] = STDOUT;
+    if (!isset($params["filter_tags"])) $params["filter_tags"] = true;
+    if (!isset($params["indent"])) $params["indent"] = "  ";
+    $this->resetParams($params);
+  }
+
+  function resetParams(?array $params=null): void {
+    $output = cl::get($params, "output");
     $color = cl::get($params, "color");
-    $filterTags = cl::get($params, "filter_tags", true);
-    $indent = cl::get($params, "indent", "  ");
+    $filterTags = cl::get($params, "filter_tags");
+    $indent = cl::get($params, "indent");
     $flush = cl::get($params, "flush");
 
-    if ($output === null) {
-      $outf = STDOUT;
-    } elseif ($output === "php://stdout") {
-      $outf = STDOUT;
-    } elseif ($output === "php://stderr") {
-      $outf = STDERR;
-    } elseif (!is_resource($output)) {
-      # si $outf est un nom de fichier, vérifier que l'ouverture se fait sans
-      # erreur. à partir de là, plus aucune gestion d'erreur n'est faite
-      $outf = @fopen($output, "ab");
-      if ($outf === false) {
-        $error = error_get_last();
-        if ($error !== null) $message = $error["message"];
-        else $message = "$output: open error";
-        throw new Exception($message);
+    if ($output !== null) {
+      if ($output === "php://stdout") {
+        $outf = STDOUT;
+      } elseif ($output === "php://stderr") {
+        $outf = STDERR;
+      } elseif (!is_resource($output)) {
+        # si $outf est un nom de fichier, vérifier que l'ouverture se fait sans
+        # erreur. à partir de là, plus aucune gestion d'erreur n'est faite
+        $outf = @fopen($output, "ab");
+        if ($outf === false) {
+          $error = error_get_last();
+          if ($error !== null) $message = $error["message"];
+          else $message = "$output: open error";
+          throw new Exception($message);
+        }
+        if ($flush === null) $flush = true;
+      } else {
+        $outf = $output;
       }
-      if ($flush === null) $flush = true;
-    } else {
-      $outf = $output;
+      $this->outf = $outf;
+      if ($color === null) $color = stream_isatty($outf);
+      if ($flush === null) $flush = false;
     }
-    if ($color === null) $color = stream_isatty($outf);
-    if ($flush === null) $flush = false;
-
-    $this->outf = $outf;
-    $this->color = boolval($color);
-    $this->filterTags = boolval($filterTags);
-    $this->indent = $indent;
-    $this->flush = boolval($flush);
+    if ($color !== null) $this->color = boolval($color);
+    if ($filterTags !== null) $this->filterTags = boolval($filterTags);
+    if ($indent !== null) $this->indent = strval($indent);
+    if ($flush !== null) $this->flush = boolval($flush);
   }
 
   /** @var resource  */
@@ -195,7 +204,9 @@ class StdOutput {
 
   function getLines(bool $withNl, ...$values): array {
     $values = self::flatten($values);
+    if (!$values) return [];
     $text = implode("", $values);
+    if ($text === "") return [""];
     $text = $this->filterContent($text);
     if (!$this->color) $text = $this->filterColors($text);
     $lines = explode("\n", $text);
diff --git a/tbin/test-console.php b/tbin/test-console.php
index e206f40..5304b8c 100755
--- a/tbin/test-console.php
+++ b/tbin/test-console.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <?php
 require(__DIR__.'/../vendor/autoload.php');
 
-use nur\sery\output\StdMessenger;
+use nur\sery\output\std\StdMessenger;
 
 $params = [];
 $count = count($argv) - 1;
@@ -46,45 +46,59 @@ $c->print("print");
 
 $c->action("action");
 $c->step("step");
-$c->success("action success");
+$c->asuccess("action success");
 
 $c->action("action");
 $c->step("step");
-$c->failure("action failure");
+$c->afailure("action failure");
 
 $c->action("action");
-$c->success("action success");
+$c->step("step");
+$c->adone("action neutral");
 
 $c->action("action");
-$c->failure("action failure");
+$c->asuccess("action success");
+
+$c->action("action");
+$c->afailure("action failure");
+
+$c->action("action");
+$c->adone("action neutral");
 
 $c->action("action0");
 $c->action("action1");
 $c->action("action2");
-$c->success("action2 success");
-$c->success("action1 success");
-$c->success("action0 success");
+$c->asuccess("action2 success");
+$c->asuccess("action1 success");
+$c->asuccess("action0 success");
 
 $c->action("action");
 $c->step("step");
-$c->success();
+$c->asuccess();
 
 $c->action("action");
 $c->step("step");
-$c->failure();
+$c->afailure();
 
 $c->action("action");
-$c->success();
+$c->step("step");
+$c->adone();
 
 $c->action("action");
-$c->failure();
+$c->asuccess();
+
+$c->action("action");
+$c->afailure();
+
+$c->action("action");
+$c->adone();
 
 $c->action("action0");
 $c->action("action1");
 $c->action("action2");
-$c->success();
-$c->success();
-$c->success();
+$c->asuccess();
+$c->asuccess();
+$c->asuccess();
 
 $c->info("info");
 $c->note("note");
@@ -108,11 +122,14 @@ $c->title("another\ntitle");
 $c->print("multi-line\nprint");
 $c->info("multi-line\ninfo");
 $c->action("multi-line\naction");
-$c->success();
+$c->asuccess();
 $c->action("multi-line\naction");
 $c->step("multi-line\nstep");
-$c->failure();
+$c->afailure();
 $c->action("multi-line\naction");
 $c->step("multi-line\nstep");
-$c->success("multi-line\nsuccess");
+$c->asuccess("multi-line\nsuccess");
+$c->action("multi-line\naction");
+$c->step("multi-line\nstep");
+$c->adone("multi-line\ndone");
 $c->end(true);