diff --git a/src/sys/IContent.php b/src/sys/IContent.php
index d5e2412..c7a2728 100644
--- a/src/sys/IContent.php
+++ b/src/sys/IContent.php
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 namespace nur\sery\sys;
 
 /**
- * Interface IContent: un objet capable de produire du contenu à afficher
+ * Interface IContent: un objet capable de produire du contenu à afficher. le
+ * contenu retourné doit être pris tel quel,sans plus d'analyse
  */
 interface IContent {
   /** retourner le contenu à afficher */
diff --git a/src/sys/IStaticContent.php b/src/sys/IStaticContent.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1721ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sys/IStaticContent.php
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\sys;
+
+/**
+ * Interface IStaticContent: comme {@link IContent} mais la liste retournée est
+ * une liste de contenu statique à analyser récursivement
+ */
+interface IStaticContent extends IContent {
+}
diff --git a/src/sys/content.php b/src/sys/content.php
index ea5f6df..44e21fc 100644
--- a/src/sys/content.php
+++ b/src/sys/content.php
@@ -1,13 +1,29 @@
 <?php
 namespace nur\sery\sys;
 
+use nulib\cl;
+
 /**
  * Class content: gestionnaire de contenu (statique ou dynamique)
  */
 class content {
+  /**
+   * quoter $vs si c'est un scalaire. sinon retourner le tableau tel quel
+   *
+   * NB: cette méthode est accessible via la fonction globale {@link q()}
+   */
+  static final function q($contents): iterable {
+    if ($contents === null || $contents === false) return [];
+    elseif ($contents instanceof IContent) return [$contents];
+    elseif ($contents instanceof IPrintable) return [$contents];
+    elseif (is_iterable($contents)) return $contents;
+    else return [htmlspecialchars(strval($contents))];
+  }
+
   /**
    * applatir $contents, et retourner une liste de valeurs scalaires:
    * - les instances de IContent et IPrintable sont remplacées par leur contenu
+   * - les chaines sont ajoutées telles quelles
    * - les autres objets sont transformés en chaine de caractère avec strval()
    */
   static function flatten($contents, ?array &$dest=null): array {
@@ -20,12 +36,18 @@ class content {
       $contents->print();
       $dest[] = ob_get_clean();
       return $dest;
-    } elseif (!is_iterable($contents)) {
+    } elseif (is_scalar($contents)) {
       $dest[] = $contents;
       return $dest;
+    } elseif (!is_iterable($contents)) {
+      $dest[] = strval($contents);
+      return $dest;
     }
+    # sinon parcourir $contents
     foreach ($contents as $value) {
-      self::flatten($value, $dest);
+      if ($value === null) continue;
+      elseif (is_scalar($value)) $dest[] = $value;
+      else self::flatten($value, $dest);
     }
     return $dest;
   }
@@ -41,6 +63,10 @@ class content {
       if ($quote) $contents = htmlspecialchars($contents);
       $dest[] = $contents;
       return $dest;
+    } elseif ($contents instanceof IStaticContent) {
+      $contents = $contents->getContent();
+      $dest = cl::merge($dest, self::resolve_static($contents, $dest_class, false));
+      return $dest;
     } elseif ($contents instanceof IContent) {
       $dest[] = $contents;
       return $dest;
@@ -53,8 +79,10 @@ class content {
     }
     foreach ($contents as $content) {
       if ($content === null) continue;
-      elseif (is_string($content)) $dest[] = $content;
-      elseif ($contents instanceof IContent) $dest[] = $content;
+      elseif ($contents instanceof IStaticContent) {
+        $contents = $content->getContent();
+        $dest = cl::merge($dest, self::resolve_static($contents, $dest_class, false));
+      } elseif ($contents instanceof IContent) $dest[] = $content;
       elseif ($contents instanceof IPrintable) $dest[] = $content;
       elseif (!is_array($content)) $dest[] = $content;
       else {
@@ -67,13 +95,15 @@ class content {
         # - ou une définition d'objet d'une des formes suivantes
         #   - [class, ...args]
         #   - [[class], ...args]
-        $class = false;
+        $func_isa_class = false;
         if (array_key_exists(0, $content) && is_array($content[0])) {
           # $content est de la forme [func_or_class, ...args]
           $func = $content[0];
           $args = array_slice($content, 1);
-          if (func::is_class($func)) {
-            $class = true;
+          if (func::is_static($func)) {
+            func::ensure_func($func, $dest_class, $args);
+          } elseif (func::is_class($func)) {
+            $func_isa_class = true;
             func::fix_class_args($func, $args);
           } else {
             func::ensure_func($func, $dest_class, $args);
@@ -81,8 +111,10 @@ class content {
         } else {
           # $content est de la forme $func
           $func = $content;
-          if (func::is_class($func)) {
-            $class = true;
+          if (func::is_static($func)) {
+            func::ensure_func($func, $dest_class, $args);
+          } elseif (func::is_class($func)) {
+            $func_isa_class = true;
             func::fix_class_args($func, $args);
           } else {
             func::ensure_func($func, $dest_class, $args);
@@ -90,19 +122,29 @@ class content {
         }
         # chaque argument est un contenu statique
         foreach ($args as &$arg) {
+          $array = is_array($arg);
           $arg = self::resolve_static($arg, $dest_class, false);
           $arg = self::flatten($arg);
-          switch (count($arg)) {
-          case 0: $arg = null; break;
-          case 1: $arg = $arg[0]; break;
-          default: $arg = implode("", $arg);
+          if ($array) {
+            $arg = [implode("", $arg)];
+          } else {
+            switch (count($arg)) {
+            case 0: $arg = null; break;
+            case 1: $arg = $arg[0]; break;
+            default: $arg = implode("", $arg);
+            }
           }
         }; unset($arg);
         # puis appeler la fonction
-        if ($class) $content = func::cons($func, ...$args);
+        if ($func_isa_class) $content = func::cons($func, ...$args);
         else $content = func::call($func, ...$args);
         $dest[] = $content;
       }
     }
+    return $dest;
+  }
+
+  static function to_string($contents, $dest_class=null, bool $quote=true): string {
+    return implode("", self::flatten(self::resolve_static($contents, $dest_class, $quote)));
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/sys/func.php b/src/sys/func.php
index 5a2fa7f..798d77f 100644
--- a/src/sys/func.php
+++ b/src/sys/func.php
@@ -18,8 +18,11 @@ class func {
    * tester si $func est une chaine de la forme "XXX::method" où XXX est une
    * chaine quelconque éventuellement vide, ou un tableau de la forme ["method"]
    * ou [anything, "method", ...]
+   * 
+   * Avec la forme tableau, "method" ne doit pas contenir le caractère '\', pour
+   * pouvoir utiliser conjointement {@link is_class()}
    */
-  static final function is_static($func): bool {
+  static final function is_static($func, bool $allowClass=false): bool {
     if (is_string($func)) {
       $pos = strpos($func, "::");
       if ($pos === false) return false;
@@ -27,10 +30,14 @@ class func {
     } elseif (is_array($func) && array_key_exists(0, $func)) {
       $count = count($func);
       if ($count == 1) {
-        return is_string($func[0]) && strlen($func[0]) > 0;
+        if (!is_string($func[0]) || strlen($func[0]) == 0) return false;
+        if (strpos($func[0], "\\") !== false) return false;
+        return true;
       } elseif ($count > 1) {
         if (!array_key_exists(1, $func)) return false;
-        return is_string($func[1]) && strlen($func[1]) > 0;
+        if (!is_string($func[1]) || strlen($func[1]) == 0) return false;
+        if (strpos($func[1], "\\") !== false) return false;
+        return true;
       }
     }
     return false;
@@ -351,7 +358,8 @@ class func {
    *
    * NB: il est possible d'avoir {@link is_static()} et {@link is_class()}
    * vraies pour la même valeur. s'il faut supporter les deux cas, appeler
-   * {@link is_class()} d'abord
+   * {@link is_static()} d'abord, mais dans ce cas, on ne supporte que les
+   * classes qui sont dans un package
    */
   static final function is_class($class): bool {
     if (is_string($class)) {
diff --git a/tests/sys/contentTest.php b/tests/sys/contentTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21a62b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sys/contentTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\sys;
+
+use nur\sery\sys\impl\html;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+class contentTest extends TestCase {
+  function testFlattern() {
+    self::assertSame([], content::flatten(null));
+    self::assertSame([], content::flatten([null]));
+    self::assertSame([""], content::flatten(""));
+    self::assertSame([""], content::flatten([""]));
+
+    self::assertSame(["a", "b", "c", "d"], content::flatten(["a", ["b", ["c"], "d"]]));
+  }
+
+  function testResolve_static() {
+    self::assertSame([], content::resolve_static(null, null));
+    self::assertSame([], content::resolve_static([null], [null]));
+    self::assertSame([""], content::resolve_static("", ""));
+    self::assertSame([""], content::resolve_static([""], [""]));
+
+    self::assertSame(["&lt;quoted&gt;"], content::resolve_static("<quoted>", "<quoted>"));
+    self::assertSame(["<non-quoted>"], content::resolve_static(["<non-quoted>"], ["<non-quoted>"]));
+
+    self::assertSame(
+      "<h1>title&lt;q/&gt;</h1><p>hello<nq/><span>brave&lt;q/&gt;</span><span>world<nq/></span></p>",
+      content::to_string([
+        [html::H1, "title<q/>"],
+        [html::P, [
+          "hello<nq/>",
+          [html::SPAN, "brave<q/>"],
+          [html::SPAN, ["world<nq/>"]],
+        ]],
+      ]));
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/sys/impl/AContent.php b/tests/sys/impl/AContent.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f2bd32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sys/impl/AContent.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\sys\impl;
+
+use nur\sery\sys\IContent;
+
+class AContent implements IContent {
+  function getContent(): iterable {
+    return ["<span>content</span>"];
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/sys/impl/APrintable.php b/tests/sys/impl/APrintable.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe46369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sys/impl/APrintable.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\sys\impl;
+
+use nur\sery\sys\IPrintable;
+
+class APrintable implements IPrintable {
+  function print(): void {
+    echo "<p>printable</p>";
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/sys/impl/AStaticContent.php b/tests/sys/impl/AStaticContent.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2458746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sys/impl/AStaticContent.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\sys\impl;
+
+use nur\sery\sys\IStaticContent;
+
+class AStaticContent implements IStaticContent {
+  function getContent(): iterable {
+    return [
+      [html::P, "static content"],
+    ];
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/sys/impl/ATag.php b/tests/sys/impl/ATag.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5be5bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sys/impl/ATag.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\sys\impl;
+
+use nur\sery\sys\content;
+use nur\sery\sys\IStaticContent;
+
+class ATag implements IStaticContent {
+  function __construct(string $tag, $contents=null) {
+    $this->tag = $tag;
+    $this->contents = $contents;
+  }
+
+  protected $tag;
+  protected $contents;
+
+  function getContent(): iterable {
+    return [
+      "<$this->tag>",
+      ...content::q($this->contents),
+      "</$this->tag>",
+    ];
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/sys/impl/html.php b/tests/sys/impl/html.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..392c724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sys/impl/html.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\sys\impl;
+
+class html {
+  const H1 = [self::class, "h1"];
+  const DIV = [self::class, "div"];
+  const P = [self::class, "p"];
+  const SPAN = [self::class, "span"];
+
+  static function h1($contents) { return new ATag("h1", $contents); }
+  static function div($contents) { return new ATag("div", $contents); }
+  static function p($contents) { return new ATag("p", $contents); }
+  static function span($contents) { return new ATag("span", $contents); }
+}