diff --git a/.idea/nur-sery.iml b/.idea/nur-sery.iml
index 8f5e5e3..93a8f92 100644
--- a/.idea/nur-sery.iml
+++ b/.idea/nur-sery.iml
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
       <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/tests" isTestSource="true" packagePrefix="nur\sery\" />
       <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/nur_src" isTestSource="false" packagePrefix="nur\" />
       <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/nur_tests" isTestSource="true" packagePrefix="nur\" />
-      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/spec" isTestSource="true" />
       <excludeFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/vendor" />
     </content>
     <orderEntry type="inheritedJdk" />
diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index 553eb1f..ee579f4 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 		"ext-json": "*",
 		"ext-iconv": "*",
 		"ext-curl": "*",
+		"ext-tidy": "*",
 		"ext-oci8": "*",
 		"ext-pdo": "*",
 		"ext-pgsql": "*",
@@ -37,7 +38,10 @@
 		"psr-4": {
 			"nur\\sery\\": "src",
 			"nur\\": "nur_src"
-		}
+		},
+		"files": [
+			"nur_autoload.php"
+		]
 	},
 	"autoload-dev": {
 		"psr-4": {
diff --git a/composer.lock b/composer.lock
index 53f0cb2..756a009 100644
--- a/composer.lock
+++ b/composer.lock
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
         "Read more about it at https://getcomposer.org/doc/01-basic-usage.md#installing-dependencies",
         "This file is @generated automatically"
     ],
-    "content-hash": "b812e89a26ebc52585e5908d66151999",
+    "content-hash": "4bd0015796ba3b74f5a4e1a85f3a2287",
     "packages": [
         {
             "name": "nulib/php",
@@ -12,18 +12,23 @@
             "dist": {
                 "type": "path",
                 "url": "../nulib",
-                "reference": "d7323d7d45a73edf8d033253a6b52ae8a3f6e25e"
+                "reference": "2964153e54b269c833810194f16bd9bccc9267ce"
             },
             "require": {
-                "php": ">=7.3"
+                "php": ">=7.4"
             },
             "require-dev": {
-                "nulib/tests": "7.3"
+                "ext-curl": "*",
+                "nulib/tests": "7.4"
             },
             "type": "library",
             "autoload": {
                 "psr-4": {
-                    "nulib\\": "php/src_base"
+                    "nulib\\": "php/src_base",
+                    "nulib\\ref\\": "php/src_ref",
+                    "nulib\\php\\": "php/src_php",
+                    "nulib\\output\\": "php/src_output",
+                    "nulib\\web\\": "php/src_web"
                 }
             },
             "autoload-dev": {
@@ -598,23 +603,23 @@
         },
         {
             "name": "phpunit/php-code-coverage",
-            "version": "9.2.29",
+            "version": "9.2.30",
             "source": {
                 "type": "git",
                 "url": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/php-code-coverage.git",
-                "reference": "6a3a87ac2bbe33b25042753df8195ba4aa534c76"
+                "reference": "ca2bd87d2f9215904682a9cb9bb37dda98e76089"
             },
             "dist": {
                 "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sebastianbergmann/php-code-coverage/zipball/6a3a87ac2bbe33b25042753df8195ba4aa534c76",
-                "reference": "6a3a87ac2bbe33b25042753df8195ba4aa534c76",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sebastianbergmann/php-code-coverage/zipball/ca2bd87d2f9215904682a9cb9bb37dda98e76089",
+                "reference": "ca2bd87d2f9215904682a9cb9bb37dda98e76089",
                 "shasum": ""
             },
             "require": {
                 "ext-dom": "*",
                 "ext-libxml": "*",
                 "ext-xmlwriter": "*",
-                "nikic/php-parser": "^4.15",
+                "nikic/php-parser": "^4.18 || ^5.0",
                 "php": ">=7.3",
                 "phpunit/php-file-iterator": "^3.0.3",
                 "phpunit/php-text-template": "^2.0.2",
@@ -664,7 +669,7 @@
             "support": {
                 "issues": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/php-code-coverage/issues",
                 "security": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/php-code-coverage/security/policy",
-                "source": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/php-code-coverage/tree/9.2.29"
+                "source": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/php-code-coverage/tree/9.2.30"
             },
             "funding": [
                 {
@@ -672,7 +677,7 @@
                     "type": "github"
                 }
             ],
-            "time": "2023-09-19T04:57:46+00:00"
+            "time": "2023-12-22T06:47:57+00:00"
         },
         {
             "name": "phpunit/php-file-iterator",
@@ -1261,20 +1266,20 @@
         },
         {
             "name": "sebastian/complexity",
-            "version": "2.0.2",
+            "version": "2.0.3",
             "source": {
                 "type": "git",
                 "url": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/complexity.git",
-                "reference": "739b35e53379900cc9ac327b2147867b8b6efd88"
+                "reference": "25f207c40d62b8b7aa32f5ab026c53561964053a"
             },
             "dist": {
                 "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sebastianbergmann/complexity/zipball/739b35e53379900cc9ac327b2147867b8b6efd88",
-                "reference": "739b35e53379900cc9ac327b2147867b8b6efd88",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sebastianbergmann/complexity/zipball/25f207c40d62b8b7aa32f5ab026c53561964053a",
+                "reference": "25f207c40d62b8b7aa32f5ab026c53561964053a",
                 "shasum": ""
             },
             "require": {
-                "nikic/php-parser": "^4.7",
+                "nikic/php-parser": "^4.18 || ^5.0",
                 "php": ">=7.3"
             },
             "require-dev": {
@@ -1306,7 +1311,7 @@
             "homepage": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/complexity",
             "support": {
                 "issues": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/complexity/issues",
-                "source": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/complexity/tree/2.0.2"
+                "source": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/complexity/tree/2.0.3"
             },
             "funding": [
                 {
@@ -1314,7 +1319,7 @@
                     "type": "github"
                 }
             ],
-            "time": "2020-10-26T15:52:27+00:00"
+            "time": "2023-12-22T06:19:30+00:00"
         },
         {
             "name": "sebastian/diff",
@@ -1588,20 +1593,20 @@
         },
         {
             "name": "sebastian/lines-of-code",
-            "version": "1.0.3",
+            "version": "1.0.4",
             "source": {
                 "type": "git",
                 "url": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/lines-of-code.git",
-                "reference": "c1c2e997aa3146983ed888ad08b15470a2e22ecc"
+                "reference": "e1e4a170560925c26d424b6a03aed157e7dcc5c5"
             },
             "dist": {
                 "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sebastianbergmann/lines-of-code/zipball/c1c2e997aa3146983ed888ad08b15470a2e22ecc",
-                "reference": "c1c2e997aa3146983ed888ad08b15470a2e22ecc",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sebastianbergmann/lines-of-code/zipball/e1e4a170560925c26d424b6a03aed157e7dcc5c5",
+                "reference": "e1e4a170560925c26d424b6a03aed157e7dcc5c5",
                 "shasum": ""
             },
             "require": {
-                "nikic/php-parser": "^4.6",
+                "nikic/php-parser": "^4.18 || ^5.0",
                 "php": ">=7.3"
             },
             "require-dev": {
@@ -1633,7 +1638,7 @@
             "homepage": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/lines-of-code",
             "support": {
                 "issues": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/lines-of-code/issues",
-                "source": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/lines-of-code/tree/1.0.3"
+                "source": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/lines-of-code/tree/1.0.4"
             },
             "funding": [
                 {
@@ -1641,7 +1646,7 @@
                     "type": "github"
                 }
             ],
-            "time": "2020-11-28T06:42:11+00:00"
+            "time": "2023-12-22T06:20:34+00:00"
         },
         {
             "name": "sebastian/object-enumerator",
@@ -2053,6 +2058,7 @@
         "ext-json": "*",
         "ext-iconv": "*",
         "ext-curl": "*",
+        "ext-tidy": "*",
         "ext-oci8": "*",
         "ext-pdo": "*",
         "ext-pgsql": "*",
diff --git a/nur_autoload.php b/nur_autoload.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..769614e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nur_autoload.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+## Fonctions qui doivent être disponible tout le temps dans le namespace global
+
+# pour compatibilité, il est possible de ne pas définir ces fonctions
+if (!defined("NO_AUTOLOAD_NUR_BASE")) {
+  /** définir $name s'il n'est pas encore défini */
+  function definem($name, $value): void {
+    if (!defined($name)) define($name, $value);
+  }
+
+  # nur\debug
+  function Txx(...$values): void { nur\debug::log(...$values); }
+
+  # nur
+  function q($vs): iterable { return nur\c::q($vs); }
+}
diff --git a/src/os/file.php b/src/os/file.php
index 40d09f1..2c8d047 100644
--- a/src/os/file.php
+++ b/src/os/file.php
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ class file {
     return $file;
   }
   
-  static function writer($output, ?callable $func=null): FileWriter {
-    $file = new FileWriter($output);
+  static function writer($output, ?string $mode=null, ?callable $func=null): FileWriter {
+    $file = new FileWriter($output, $mode);
     if ($func !== null) {
       try {
         $func($file);
diff --git a/src/os/file/FileReader.php b/src/os/file/FileReader.php
index e08e215..8192648 100644
--- a/src/os/file/FileReader.php
+++ b/src/os/file/FileReader.php
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class FileReader extends _File {
       if ($mode === null) $mode = static::DEFAULT_MODE;
       $this->file = $file;
       $this->mode = $mode;
-      $fd = null;
+      $fd = $this->open();
       $close = true;
     }
     parent::__construct($fd, $close, $throwOnError, $allowLocking);
diff --git a/src/os/file/FileWriter.php b/src/os/file/FileWriter.php
index e73ddc1..0a81b9f 100644
--- a/src/os/file/FileWriter.php
+++ b/src/os/file/FileWriter.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class FileWriter extends _File {
       IOException::ensure_value(sh::mkdirof($file));
       $this->file = $file;
       $this->mode = $mode;
-      $fd = null;
+      $fd = $this->open();
       $close = true;
     }
     parent::__construct($fd, $close, $throwOnError, $allowLocking);
diff --git a/src/os/file/TmpfileWriter.php b/src/os/file/TmpfileWriter.php
index 1e3d1e5..7dd6e25 100644
--- a/src/os/file/TmpfileWriter.php
+++ b/src/os/file/TmpfileWriter.php
@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
 namespace nur\sery\os\file;
 
 use nur\sery\os\IOException;
+use nur\sery\os\path;
 use nur\sery\web\http;
 
 class TmpfileWriter extends FileWriter {
   const DEFAULT_MODE = "w+b";
 
   function __construct(?string $destdir=null, ?string $mode=null, bool $throwOnError=true, ?bool $allowLocking=null) {
-    if ($destdir === null) $destdir = sys_get_temp_dir();
+    $tmpDir = sys_get_temp_dir();
+    if ($destdir === null) $destdir = $tmpDir;
     if (is_dir($destdir)) {
       # si on spécifie un répertoire, créer un fichier temporaire dedans
       $file = tempnam($destdir, "tmp_nulib_");
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@ class TmpfileWriter extends FileWriter {
       # si on spécifie un fichier qui existe le prendre comme "fichier
       # temporaire" mais ne pas le supprimer automatiquement
       $file = $destdir;
+      if (!path::is_qualified($file)) $file = path::join($tmpDir, $file);
       $this->delete = false;
     } else {
       # un chemin qui n'existe pas: ne le sélectionner que si le répertoire
diff --git a/src/os/file/_File.php b/src/os/file/_File.php
index d9ee42b..349a9f3 100644
--- a/src/os/file/_File.php
+++ b/src/os/file/_File.php
@@ -15,10 +15,12 @@ abstract class _File extends Stream {
   /** @var string */
   protected $mode;
 
+  protected function open() {
+    return IOException::ensure_value(@fopen($this->file, $this->mode));
+  }
+
   function getResource() {
-    if ($this->fd === null && $this->file !== null) {
-      $this->fd = IOException::ensure_value(@fopen($this->file, $this->mode));
-    }
+    if ($this->fd === null && $this->file !== null) $this->fd = $this->open();
     return parent::getResource();
   }