diff --git a/src/schema/Schema.php b/src/schema/Schema.php
index 113a857..30ad9cb 100644
--- a/src/schema/Schema.php
+++ b/src/schema/Schema.php
@@ -152,10 +152,9 @@ abstract class Schema implements ArrayAccess {
 
     switch ($nature[0] ?? null) {
     case "assoc":
-      foreach ($definition["schema"] as $definitionKey => &$definitionValue) {
-        self::_normalize($definitionValue, $definitionKey);
-      };
-      unset($definitionValue);
+      foreach ($definition["schema"] as $definitionKey => &$subdef) {
+        $subdef = self::_normalize($subdef, $definitionKey);
+      }; unset($subdef);
       break;
     case "list":
       self::_normalize($definition["schema"]);
@@ -206,6 +205,37 @@ abstract class Schema implements ArrayAccess {
     }
   }
 
+  protected static function _ensure_schema_instances(array $definition): array {
+    switch ($definition[""][0]) {
+    case "assoc":
+      foreach ($definition["schema"] as &$subdef) {
+        self::_ensure_schema_instances($subdef);
+        Schema::ns($subdef);
+      }; unset($subdef);
+      break;
+    case "list":
+      Schema::ns($definition["schema"]);
+      break;
+    }
+    return $definition;
+  }
+
+  protected static function _ensure_schema_array(array $definition): array {
+    switch ($definition[""][0]) {
+    case "assoc":
+      foreach ($definition["schema"] as &$subdef) {
+        if ($subdef instanceof Schema) $subdef = $subdef->getDefinition();
+      }; unset($subdef);
+      break;
+    case "list":
+      $subdef = $definition["schema"];
+      if ($subdef instanceof Schema) $subdef = $subdef->getDefinition();
+      $definition["schema"] = $subdef;
+      break;
+    }
+    return $definition;
+  }
+
   /**
    * @var array définition du schéma, à redéfinir le cas échéant dans une classe
    * dérivée
@@ -215,15 +245,15 @@ abstract class Schema implements ArrayAccess {
   protected array $definition;
 
   function getDefinition(): array {
-    return $this->definition;
+    return self::_ensure_schema_array($this->definition);
   }
 
   /** retourner true si le schéma est de nature tableau associatif */
-  function isAssoc(?AssocSchema &$assoc=null): bool { return false; }
+  function isAssoc(?AssocSchema &$schema=null): bool { return false; }
   /** retourner true si le schéma est de nature liste */
-  function isList(?ListSchema &$list=null): bool { return false; }
+  function isList(?ListSchema &$schema=null): bool { return false; }
   /** retourner true si le schéma est de nature scalaire */
-  function isScalar(?ScalarSchema &$scalar=null): bool { return false; }
+  function isScalar(?ScalarSchema &$schema=null): bool { return false; }
 
   abstract function getWrapper(&$value=null, $valueKey=null, ?Wrapper &$wrapper=null): Wrapper;
 
diff --git a/src/schema/Wrapper.php b/src/schema/Wrapper.php
index 20194dd..f373213 100644
--- a/src/schema/Wrapper.php
+++ b/src/schema/Wrapper.php
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ use nur\sery\wip\schema\_scalar\ScalarWrapper;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\types\IType;
 
 abstract class Wrapper implements ArrayAccess, IteratorAggregate {
-  function isAssoc(?AssocWrapper &$assoc=null): bool { return false; }
-  function isList(?ListWrapper &$list=null): bool { return false; }
-  function isScalar(?ScalarWrapper &$scalar=null): bool { return false; }
+  function isAssoc(?AssocWrapper &$wrapper=null): bool { return false; }
+  function isList(?ListWrapper &$wrapper=null): bool { return false; }
+  function isScalar(?ScalarWrapper &$wrapper=null): bool { return false; }
 
   /** spécifier la valeur destination gérée par cet objet */
   abstract function reset(&$value, $valueKey=null, ?bool $verifix=null): self;
diff --git a/src/schema/_assoc/AssocResult.php b/src/schema/_assoc/AssocResult.php
index 99dbc41..d55f723 100644
--- a/src/schema/_assoc/AssocResult.php
+++ b/src/schema/_assoc/AssocResult.php
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ namespace nur\sery\wip\schema\_assoc;
 
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\Result;
 
-abstract/*XXX*/ class AssocResult extends Result {
+class AssocResult extends Result {
   function isAssoc(?AssocResult &$assoc=null): bool { $assoc = $this; return true;}
 }
diff --git a/src/schema/_assoc/AssocSchema.php b/src/schema/_assoc/AssocSchema.php
index 310f408..7966a1c 100644
--- a/src/schema/_assoc/AssocSchema.php
+++ b/src/schema/_assoc/AssocSchema.php
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ namespace nur\sery\wip\schema\_assoc;
 
 use nulib\cl;
 use nulib\ref\schema\ref_schema;
-use nulib\ValueException;
-use nur\sery\wip\schema\_scalar\ScalarSchema;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\Schema;
-use nur\sery\wip\schema\SchemaException;
-use nur\sery\wip\schema\types;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\Wrapper;
 
 /**
@@ -59,13 +55,17 @@ class AssocSchema extends Schema {
     $this->definition = $definition;
   }
 
-  function isAssoc(?AssocSchema &$assoc=null): bool {
-    $assoc = $this;
+  function isAssoc(?AssocSchema &$schema=null): bool {
+    $schema = $this;
     return true;
   }
 
-  function getWrapper(&$value=null, $valueKey=null, ?Wrapper &$wrapper=null): AssocWrapper {
-    if ($wrapper instanceof AssocWrapper) return $wrapper->reset($value, $valueKey);
-    else return ($wrapper = new AssocWrapper($this, $value, $valueKey));
+  protected function newWrapper(): AssocWrapper {
+    return new AssocWrapper($this);
+  }
+
+  function getWrapper(&$array=null, $arrayKey=null, ?Wrapper &$wrapper=null): AssocWrapper {
+    if (!($wrapper instanceof AssocWrapper)) $wrapper = $this->newWrapper();
+    return $wrapper->reset($array, $arrayKey);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/schema/_assoc/AssocWrapper.php b/src/schema/_assoc/AssocWrapper.php
index 2a8b8d6..a120ef3 100644
--- a/src/schema/_assoc/AssocWrapper.php
+++ b/src/schema/_assoc/AssocWrapper.php
@@ -1,18 +1,135 @@
 <?php
 namespace nur\sery\wip\schema\_assoc;
 
+use nulib\ValueException;
+use nur\sery\wip\schema\_scalar\ScalarResult;
+use nur\sery\wip\schema\_scalar\ScalarWrapper;
+use nur\sery\wip\schema\input\Input;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\Result;
+use nur\sery\wip\schema\types\IType;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\Wrapper;
 
-abstract/*XXX*/ class AssocWrapper extends Wrapper {
-  function isAssoc(?AssocWrapper &$assoc=null): bool { $assoc = $this; return true; }
+class AssocWrapper extends Wrapper {
+  function __construct(AssocSchema $schema, &$array=null, $arrayKey=null, ?array $params=null) {
+    $verifix = $params["verifix"] ?? true;
+    $throw = $params["throw"] ?? null;
+    if ($array !== null && $throw === null) {
+      # Si $value est null, ne pas lancer d'exception, parce qu'on considère que
+      # c'est une initialisation sans conséquences
+      $throw = true;
+    }
+    $this->schema = $schema;
+    $this->verifix = $verifix;
+    $this->throw = $throw ?? false;
+    $this->result = new ScalarResult();
+    $this->reset($array, $arrayKey);
+    $this->throw = $throw ?? true;
+  }
+
+  function isAssoc(?AssocWrapper &$wrapper=null): bool { $wrapper = $this; return true; }
+
+  protected bool $verifix;
+
+  protected bool $throw;
+
+  /** schéma de ce tableau */
+  protected AssocSchema $schema;
+
+  /** source et destination de la valeur */
+  protected Input $input;
+
+  /** @var string|int|null clé du tableau dans le tableau destination */
+  protected $arrayKey;
+
+  protected IType $type;
+
+  protected ScalarResult $result;
+
+  protected ?array $keys;
+
+  protected ?array $wrappers;
+
+  /** résultat de l'analyse de la valeur */
+  protected ?array $results;
+
+  protected function newInput(&$value): Input {
+    return new Input($value);
+  }
+
+  function reset(&$array, $arrayKey=null, ?bool $verifix=null): Wrapper {
+    if ($array instanceof Input) $input = $array;
+    else $input = $this->newInput($array);
+    $this->input = $input;
+    $this->arrayKey = $arrayKey;
+    $this->analyze();
+    if ($verifix ?? $this->verifix) $this->verifix();
+    return $this;
+  }
+
+  function getKeys(): array {
+    return $this->keys;
+  }
+
+  function getWrapper($key=null): ScalarWrapper {
+    $wrapper = $this->wrappers[$key] ?? null;
+    if ($key !== null) return $wrapper;
+    throw ValueException::invalid_key($key);
+  }
+
+  /** @param Result[] $results */
+  function verifix(?bool $throw=null, ?array &$results=null): bool {
+  }
+
+
+  function getResult(): ScalarResult {
+    return $this->result;
+  }
+
+  function isPresent(): bool {
+    return $this->result->present;
+  }
+
+  function getType(): IType {
+    return $this->type;
+  }
+
+  function isAvailable(): bool {
+    return $this->result->available;
+  }
+
+  function isValid(): bool {
+    return $this->result->valid;
+  }
+
+  function isNormalized(): bool {
+    return $this->result->normalized;
+  }
+
+  function get($default=null) {
+    if ($this->result->available) return $this->input->get($this->arrayKey);
+    else return $default;
+  }
+
+  function set($value, ?bool $verifix=null): AssocWrapper {
+    $this->input->set($value, $this->arrayKey);
+    $this->analyze();
+    if ($verifix ?? $this->verifix) $this->verifix();
+    return $this;
+  }
+
+  function unset(?bool $verifix=null): AssocWrapper {
+    $this->input->unset($this->arrayKey);
+    $this->analyze();
+    if ($verifix ?? $this->verifix) $this->verifix();
+    return $this;
+  }
+
+  function format($format = null): string {
+    // TODO: Implement format() method.
+  }
 
   function ensureKeys(): bool {
   }
   function orderKeys(): bool {
   }
-
-  /** @param Result[] $results */
-  function verifix(bool $throw=true, ?array &$results=null): bool {
-  }
 }
diff --git a/src/schema/_list/ListSchema.php b/src/schema/_list/ListSchema.php
index 66fee9c..4fb158d 100644
--- a/src/schema/_list/ListSchema.php
+++ b/src/schema/_list/ListSchema.php
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@
 namespace nur\sery\wip\schema\_list;
 
 use nulib\ref\schema\ref_schema;
-use nulib\ValueException;
-use nur\sery\wip\schema\_scalar\ScalarSchema;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\Schema;
-use nur\sery\wip\schema\SchemaException;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\Wrapper;
 
 class ListSchema extends Schema {
@@ -58,13 +55,17 @@ class ListSchema extends Schema {
     $this->definition = $definition;
   }
 
-  function isList(?ListSchema &$list=null): bool {
-    $list = $this;
+  function isList(?ListSchema &$schema=null): bool {
+    $schema = $this;
     return true;
   }
 
+  protected function newWrapper(): ListWrapper {
+    return new ListWrapper($this);
+  }
+
   function getWrapper(&$value=null, $valueKey=null, ?Wrapper &$wrapper=null): ListWrapper {
-    if ($wrapper instanceof ListWrapper) return $wrapper->reset($value, $valueKey);
-    else return ($wrapper = new ListWrapper($this, $value, $valueKey));
+    if (!($wrapper instanceof ListWrapper)) $wrapper = $this->newWrapper();
+    return $wrapper->reset($value, $valueKey);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/schema/_list/ListWrapper.php b/src/schema/_list/ListWrapper.php
index efe0754..cae167b 100644
--- a/src/schema/_list/ListWrapper.php
+++ b/src/schema/_list/ListWrapper.php
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use nur\sery\wip\schema\Result;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\Wrapper;
 
 abstract/*XXX*/ class ListWrapper extends Wrapper {
-  function isList(?ListWrapper &$list=null): bool { $list = $this; return true; }
+  function isList(?ListWrapper &$wrapper=null): bool { $wrapper = $this; return true; }
 
   function ensureKeys(): bool {
   }
diff --git a/src/schema/_scalar/ScalarSchema.php b/src/schema/_scalar/ScalarSchema.php
index a723c6a..5d2476b 100644
--- a/src/schema/_scalar/ScalarSchema.php
+++ b/src/schema/_scalar/ScalarSchema.php
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ class ScalarSchema extends Schema {
   }
 
   static function normalize($definition, $definitionKey=null): array {
-    self::_normalize($definition, $definitionKey);
-    self::_ensure_nature($definition, "scalar", null);
+    $definition = self::_normalize($definition, $definitionKey);
+    self::_ensure_nature($definition, "scalar");
     return $definition;
   }
 
@@ -87,14 +87,18 @@ class ScalarSchema extends Schema {
     $this->definition = $definition;
   }
 
-  function isScalar(?ScalarSchema &$scalar=null): bool {
-    $scalar = $this;
+  function isScalar(?ScalarSchema &$schema=null): bool {
+    $schema = $this;
     return true;
   }
 
+  protected function newWrapper(): ScalarWrapper {
+    return new ScalarWrapper($this);
+  }
+
   function getWrapper(&$value=null, $valueKey=null, ?Wrapper &$wrapper=null): ScalarWrapper {
-    if ($wrapper instanceof ScalarWrapper) return $wrapper->reset($value, $valueKey);
-    else return ($wrapper = new ScalarWrapper($this, $value, $valueKey));
+    if (!($wrapper instanceof ScalarWrapper)) $wrapper = $this->newWrapper();
+    return $wrapper->reset($value, $valueKey);
   }
 
   #############################################################################
diff --git a/src/schema/_scalar/ScalarWrapper.php b/src/schema/_scalar/ScalarWrapper.php
index 110c6f8..b90da28 100644
--- a/src/schema/_scalar/ScalarWrapper.php
+++ b/src/schema/_scalar/ScalarWrapper.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ScalarWrapper extends Wrapper {
     $this->throw = $throw ?? true;
   }
 
-  function isScalar(?ScalarWrapper &$scalar=null): bool { $scalar = $this; return true; }
+  function isScalar(?ScalarWrapper &$wrapper=null): bool { $wrapper = $this; return true; }
 
   /** schéma de cette valeur */
   protected ScalarSchema $schema;
diff --git a/tests/wip/schema/_assoc/AssocSchemaTest.php b/tests/wip/schema/_assoc/AssocSchemaTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ceb6728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/wip/schema/_assoc/AssocSchemaTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+namespace nur\sery\wip\schema\_assoc;
+
+use nulib\tests\TestCase;
+use nur\sery\wip\schema\_scalar\ScalarSchemaTest;
+use nur\sery\wip\schema\types\IType;
+
+class AssocSchemaTest extends TestCase {
+  const NULL_SCHEMA = [
+    "" => ["assoc"],
+    "schema" => null,
+    "type" => [null],
+    "default" => null,
+    "title" => null,
+    "required" => false,
+    "nullable" => true,
+    "desc" => null,
+    "analyzer_func" => null,
+    "extractor_func" => null,
+    "parser_func" => null,
+    "normalizer_func" => null,
+    "messages" => null,
+    "formatter_func" => null,
+    "format" => null,
+    "name" => null,
+    "pkey" => null,
+    "header" => null,
+    "composite" => null,
+  ];
+
+  static function schema(array $definition, array $keyDefinitions): array {
+    $definition = array_merge(self::NULL_SCHEMA, $definition, ["schema" => []]);
+    foreach ($keyDefinitions as $key => $keydef) {
+      $definition["schema"][$key] = array_merge(ScalarSchemaTest::NULL_SCHEMA, $keydef);
+    }; unset($subdef);
+    return $definition;
+  }
+
+  function testNormalize() {
+    self::assertSame(self::schema([
+      "type" => ["array"], "nullable" => true,
+    ], [
+      "a" => [
+        "type" => ["string"], "nullable" => false,
+        "name" => "a", "pkey" => "a", "header" => "a",
+      ],
+    ]), AssocSchema::normalize(["a" => "string"]));
+
+    self::assertSame(self::schema([
+      "type" => ["array"], "nullable" => true,
+    ], [
+      "a" => [
+        "type" => ["string"], "nullable" => false,
+        "name" => "a", "pkey" => "a", "header" => "a",
+      ],
+      "b" => [
+        "type" => ["int"], "nullable" => false,
+        "name" => "b", "pkey" => "b", "header" => "b",
+      ],
+      "c" => [
+        "type" => ["bool"], "nullable" => false,
+        "name" => "c", "pkey" => "c", "header" => "c",
+      ],
+    ]), AssocSchema::normalize([
+      "a" => "string",
+      "b" => "int",
+      "c" => "bool",
+    ]));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarSchemaTest.php b/tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarSchemaTest.php
index 0a2e071..84fdd35 100644
--- a/tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarSchemaTest.php
+++ b/tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarSchemaTest.php
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ namespace nur\sery\wip\schema\_scalar;
 
 use nulib\tests\TestCase;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\SchemaException;
-use nur\sery\wip\schema\types\IType;
 
 class ScalarSchemaTest extends TestCase {
   const NULL_SCHEMA = [
@@ -32,13 +31,6 @@ class ScalarSchemaTest extends TestCase {
     return array_merge(self::NULL_SCHEMA, $schema);
   }
 
-  static function sanitize(array $schema): array {
-    if ($schema["type"] instanceof IType) {
-      $schema["type"] = [$schema["type"]->getClass()];
-    }
-    return $schema;
-  }
-
   function testNormalize() {
     self::assertSame(self::NULL_SCHEMA, ScalarSchema::normalize(null));
     self::assertSame(self::NULL_SCHEMA, ScalarSchema::normalize([]));
@@ -51,22 +43,22 @@ class ScalarSchemaTest extends TestCase {
     });
 
     $string = self::schema(["type" => ["string"], "nullable" => false]);
-    self::assertSame($string, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize("string")));
-    self::assertSame($string, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize(["string"])));
+    self::assertSame($string, ScalarSchema::normalize("string"));
+    self::assertSame($string, ScalarSchema::normalize(["string"]));
 
     $nstring = self::schema(["type" => ["string"]]);
-    self::assertSame($nstring, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize(["?string"])));
-    self::assertSame($nstring, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize(["?string|null"])));
-    self::assertSame($nstring, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize(["string|null"])));
-    self::assertSame($nstring, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize([["?string", "null"]])));
-    self::assertSame($nstring, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize([["string", "null"]])));
-    self::assertSame($nstring, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize([["string", null]])));
+    self::assertSame($nstring, ScalarSchema::normalize(["?string"]));
+    self::assertSame($nstring, ScalarSchema::normalize(["?string|null"]));
+    self::assertSame($nstring, ScalarSchema::normalize(["string|null"]));
+    self::assertSame($nstring, ScalarSchema::normalize([["?string", "null"]]));
+    self::assertSame($nstring, ScalarSchema::normalize([["string", "null"]]));
+    self::assertSame($nstring, ScalarSchema::normalize([["string", null]]));
 
     $key = self::schema(["type" => ["string", "int"], "nullable" => false]);
-    self::assertSame($key, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize("string|int")));
+    self::assertSame($key, ScalarSchema::normalize("string|int"));
 
     $nkey = self::schema(["type" => ["string", "int"], "nullable" => true]);
-    self::assertSame($nkey, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize("?string|int")));
-    self::assertSame($nkey, self::sanitize(ScalarSchema::normalize("string|?int")));
+    self::assertSame($nkey, ScalarSchema::normalize("?string|int"));
+    self::assertSame($nkey, ScalarSchema::normalize("string|?int"));
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarValueTest.php b/tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarWrapperTest.php
similarity index 92%
rename from tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarValueTest.php
rename to tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarWrapperTest.php
index 7a5a43b..6e9326b 100644
--- a/tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarValueTest.php
+++ b/tests/wip/schema/_scalar/ScalarWrapperTest.php
@@ -6,28 +6,28 @@ use nulib\ValueException;
 use nur\sery\wip\schema\input\Input;
 use stdClass;
 
-class ScalarValueTest extends TestCase {
-  function checkValue(ScalarWrapper $wrapper, $dest, bool $present, bool $available, bool $valid, bool $normalized): void {
-    self::assertSame($dest, $wrapper->get(), "value");
+class ScalarWrapperTest extends TestCase {
+  function checkValue(ScalarWrapper $wrapper, $value, bool $present, bool $available, bool $valid, bool $normalized): void {
+    self::assertSame($value, $wrapper->get(), "value");
     self::assertSame($present, $wrapper->isPresent(), "present");
     self::assertSame($available, $wrapper->isAvailable(), "available");
     self::assertSame($valid, $wrapper->isValid(), "valid");
     self::assertSame($normalized, $wrapper->isNormalized(), "normalized");
   }
 
-  function checkVerifix(ScalarSchema $schema, $src, bool $verifix, $dest, bool $present, bool $available, bool $valid, bool $normalized, ?array $inputParams=null): void {
-    $value = $schema->getWrapper();
-    if ($inputParams !== null) $input = new Input($src, $inputParams);
-    else $input = $src;
-    $value->reset($input, null, $verifix);
-    $this->checkValue($value, $dest, $present, $available, $valid, $normalized);
+  function checkVerifix(ScalarSchema $schema, $orig, bool $verifix, $value, bool $present, bool $available, bool $valid, bool $normalized, ?array $inputParams=null): void {
+    $wrapper = $schema->getWrapper();
+    if ($inputParams !== null) $input = new Input($orig, $inputParams);
+    else $input = $orig;
+    $wrapper->reset($input, null, $verifix);
+    $this->checkValue($wrapper, $value, $present, $available, $valid, $normalized);
   }
 
-  function checkException(ScalarSchema $schema, $src, bool $verifix, string $exceptionClass, ?array $inputParams=null) {
-    $value = $schema->getWrapper();
-    if ($inputParams !== null) $src = new Input($src, $inputParams);
-    self::assertException($exceptionClass, function() use ($value, &$src, $verifix) {
-      $value->reset($src, null, $verifix);
+  function checkException(ScalarSchema $schema, $orig, bool $verifix, string $exceptionClass, ?array $inputParams=null) {
+    $wrapper = $schema->getWrapper();
+    if ($inputParams !== null) $orig = new Input($orig, $inputParams);
+    self::assertException($exceptionClass, function() use ($wrapper, &$orig, $verifix) {
+      $wrapper->reset($orig, null, $verifix);
     });
   }